Beige Book
SUMMARY OF COMMENTARY ON CURRENT ECONOMIC CONDITIONS
BY FEDERAL RESERVE DISTRICT
August 1994
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SU MM ARY ............. ..... ............................................................................................ i
First District - Boston....................................................................................................
-1
Second District - New York..................................................................................... II-1
Third District - Philadelphia................
.........
.........................
.
-1
Fourth District - Cleveland..... ................................................................................ IV-1
Fifth District - Richmond ..
...................
...........
........................................... V-1
Sixth District - Atlanta.............................................................................................
Seventh District - Chicago.....................................................................
...........
VI-1
VII-
Eighth District - St. Louis...................................................................................... VIII-1
Ninth District - Minneapolis ..................................................................................... IX-1
Tenth District - Kansas City ......................................................................................
X-1
Eleventh District - Dallas....................................................................................... XI-1
Twelfth District - San Francisco .
...............
................................................. XII-1
i
SUMMARY¹
Business activity in most areas is continuing to expand at a solid pace, although a
number of Districts report scattered indications of some slowing or slight declines. Retail
activity, which had moderated during the spring, appears to have picked up recently.
Most Districts report sales of autos, building materials, and apparel are improved since
their June report.
Several Districts are reporting a tightening in labor markets that, in some cases at
least, has resulted in faster wage growth. However, labor shortages appear to be
concentrated only in a few skilled occupations. The range of commodities for which
prices are rising appears to have broadened somewhat. However, a majority of Districts
report that retailers are holding the line on price increases, and profit margins are
narrowing in a retail environment that continues to be characterized as intensely
competitive.
Loan demand appears to be fairly strong in most Districts. Commercial and
industrial borrowing has improved in many regions and consumer lending is particularly
active. Even in California, where the business trend remains flat, a moderate expansion in
lending activity is reported to be underway.
Business Activity
Virtually all Districts are seeing an expansion of industrial activity, with only
scattered observations of weakness. Industries such as motor vehicles, capital goods
including industrial machinery, heavy trucks, microelectronics, computers, mining and
'Prepared at the Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland from information collected before July 25, 1994. This
document summarizes comments received from businesses and other contacts outside the Federal Reserve
and is not a commentary on the views ofFederal Reserve officials.
ii
construction equipment, and nondurable goods producers like chemicals and textiles, are
all reported to be expanding their production.
Construction activity appears to be holding steady, although a drop-off in
residential construction was prominently noted in many District reports. Higher mortgage
interest rates are commonly blamed for a slowdown in home sales and new construction,
although the Dallas District also notes a very low inventory of new homes. At least a
share of the slower residential construction activity appears to have been offset by
moderately stronger commercial building.
Retail markets are, in most regions, stronger than in the spring, particularly in the
areas of autos, building materials, and appliances. Even apparel sales are noted as having
improved since the June report, although not in allDistricts. Several regions also report a
reasonably busy tourist season.
Although activity has improved in retailing, competitive pressures have kept profit
margins lean-discounts and promotions are frequently noted. Retailers are guardedly
optimistic about prospects over the remainder of year, with continued strength anticipated
in the new car market. There also appears to be a growing enthusiasm over the coming
back-to-school season.
Prices
Price increases are noted among a broad range
of business materials including
finished steel and steel scrap, copper, wood, paper and paperboard, building materials
including brick and glass, and wool and other textileproducts. Energy costs have also
moved up a bit in the past month or so. In construction and some manufacturing
industries, higher materials costs are thought to be exerting upward pressure on finished
goods prices. The Philadelphia District survey of manufacturers taken in July indicates that
nearly 25 percent of firms were implementing price increases, up from 15 percent in their
iii
June survey. In the Boston District, about half of the manufacturing contacts have raised
or plan to raise prices, by up to 5 percent. However, virtually all Districts report that
competitive pressures are holding prices down at the retail level and, presumably, retail
margins are being squeezed.
Employment and Wages
Several Districts indicate a general tightening in labor markets and an increase in
help-wanted advertising is cited. However, few Districts see any broad-based wage
pressures as a result. Actual labor shortages are mostly limited to occupations such as
machinists, technicians, clerical workers, construction workers, and truck drivers,
although shortages of some entry-level positions are also noted.
Jobs expansion in the industrial sector is uneven by District and industry. The use
of temporary workers and high levels of overtime are continuing, and some Districts
report a continuing resistance by firms to permanently expand their payrolls.
Manufacturing jobs are reported to be holding steady in the Boston and Richmond
Districts. In Philadelphia, where manufacturing employment is also steady, an increasing
proportion of firms report plans to add to their payrolls during the next six months. In
other Districts, such as St. Louis, recalls and new hires are on the rise, and in Atlanta, jobs
growth is seen in the chemicals, steel, and auto industries. Reports of jobs cutbacks are
more rare, although several Districts report continued layoffs of aerospace workers, and
the New York District notes some jobs losses as a result of restructuring
and retail industries.
the financial
Agriculture and Natural Resources
The agricultural regions of the country are generally reporting favorable growing
conditions, and some crop prices are falling in anticipation of high yields. Earlier concerns
about a potential drought in the Richmond and Chicago Districts seem to have lessened
with late spring rains. And, although rainfall has been excessive in some areas, such as in
parts of the St. Louis and Minneapolis Districts, crop yields there are still expected to be
normal, or better. Agricultural exports are also strong, helped in part by the falling dollar.
The energy producing Districts note only a small increase in drilling and
exploration activity as a result of the rise in oil prices. The Dallas District indicates that
drilling activity has been focused on natural gas, although oil drilling is expected to
improve through the end of the year. Other mining operations are reported to be running
strong; iron-ore production for the year is exceeding industry expectations.
Lending Activity
Commercial bank lending remains active with high levels of consumer borrowing
noted in virtually all Districts. Commercial and industrial borrowing is noted as having
strengthened in the Philadelphia, Cleveland, Atlanta, Kansas City, and San Francisco
Districts. The only major lending category that may have diminished is residential
mortgages. Higher mortgage interest rates ar widely cited, although interest rates are
marginally higher on most types of credit. Credit standards are apparently changed very
little and a further decline in credit delinquency rates is reported.
FIRST DISTRICT -
BOSTON
The First District economy is experiencing moderately vigorous
expansion on the strength of retail and manufacturing activity, but
housing sales are slowing.
Prices of some manufactured goods and new
homes are rising, while store prices generally remain flat.
Retail
June and early July retail sales were up 3 to 20 percent compared
to year-ago levels, according to most First District contacts.
Home
centers and lumber stores experienced the most rapid growth, which
contacts attribute in part to the late start in this spring's building
season.
Air conditioners, large appliances, and outdoor equipment sold
particularly well.
Apparel sales grew moderately.
The small number of
retail contacts reporting level or declining sales cite inadequate
inventories or shifting fashions.
The retail environment generally continues to be promotional.
Prices and gross margins remain relatively flat, and inventories are
intentionally lean.
Retail contacts anticipate a strong fall and holiday season with
growth in sales of S to 12 percent.
Encouraged by a perceived rise in
consumer confidence and new mall developments in the region, some
companies are planning increases in
employment to staff new stores or
expansions of existing stores.
Manufacturing
First District manufacturing contacts report broad-based growth.
Sales to the automotive and microelectronics industries are well above
year-ago figures, but rates of increase
are expected to abate by late
1994 or early 1995.
Sales of computer networking products, sporting
goods, construction items, and woolen fabrics are reported to be
increasing considerably.
Makers of paper products report 4 to 5 percent
growth, and manufacturers of small medical and pharmaceutical
instruments indicate increases in the single-digit range.
aircraft parts reportedly remains soft.
Demand for
Exports to Europe are
increasing weakly at best, but some Asian markets are flourishing.
Most respondents indicate some materials cost pressures.
Several
face substantial price increases for steel and copper as existing
contracts with suppliers expire or strong demand forces them to rely on
spot markets.
Prices for raw wool and some wood species have recently
risen by 20 to 30 percent, and paper prices are moving upward.
Chemicals prices are reported flat.
About one-half of the manufacturing contacts have raised or plan
to raise prices, by up to 5 percent.
Remaining selling prices are flat
to down, as a result of pressures from automotive customers and
competition in industries such as textiles, medical supplies, and
computers.
Equal numbers of respondents report that employment has decreased,
increased, or held steady over the past year.
Three-fourths of the
manufacturing sample report modest to heavy use of overtime in recent
months.
Most contacts report 1994
wage increases of 2 to 4 percent.
Manufacturing respondents generally are fairly optimistic about
future growth, although some point to risks associated with particular
product markets or the economy at large.
or reductions in the rate of job cutbacks.
One-half plan limited hiring
Manufacturers producing
I-3
automotive parts, furniture, computer components, and paper goods are
adding to capacity.
Residential Real Estate and Construction
Although the change is not yet reflected in the latest sales and
construction numbers, the residential real estate market in New England
has slowed after a very active spring.
Contacts in Massachusetts,
Vermont, Rhode Island, and Maine report that June and July sales
agreements dipped below the levels seen earlier in the year, even
accounting for normal seasonal declines.
higher interest rates.
They attribute this falloff to
A couple of contacts note that confidence is
fragile and that a further increase in interest rates or a downturn in
the economy would have a significant impact on the real estate market.
Although new construction is continuing strong as a result of
contracts signed in the spring, a recent slowdown in purchase agreements
and price increases due to higher input costs are expected to limit
future activity.
One Massachusetts builder notes that he has business
only through September, and another contact expects that overbuilding
will lead to a decline in speculative construction.
Renovations and
additions are reported to be strong.
Nonbank Financial Services
The majority of respondents at insurance companies report a small
rise in overall sales in the second greater compared to a year ago.
largest increases were for variable annuities.
Almost all respondents
report flat or lower employment for the second quarter and expect a
similar trend for the rest of the year.
The
II-2
In New York City, tourism has picked up, driven by special events and foreign tourists
attracted by favorable exchange rates, although the critical convention business remains weak.
Hotels report climbing occupancy rates, well above year ago levels, and attractions such as
the Metropolitan Museum of Art and the Empire State Building boast of long waiting lines
and strong growth in admissions.
Labor Markets
Unemployment rates rose slightly in June to 7.0 percent in New York State and
7.1 percent in New Jersey following unsustainably large declines in May. In recent weeks,
mergers, acquisitions and restructurings were announced for two retail chains which number
among the nation's largest, two of the metropolitan area's largest thrifts, several smaller retail
chains and thrifts, and a major pharmaceutical manufacturer. While the staff reductions
following these changes have yet to be fully implemented, corporate changes earlier this year
restrained the district's payroll employment growth to a 1. 4 percent annual gain during the
January - May period, and the future appears to hold similar constraints.
Residential Construction and Real Estate
Although there are isolated spots of strength, in general builders noted that momentum
in new home sales dropped in June and early July. Prospective buyer traffic traffic is
definitely down and builders expect demand to be flat at best through the end of the year.
Rising interest rates are blamed for the softening of demand but builders feel besieged
on the supply side as well. Complaints about rising lumber prices have broadened to include
price increases for a wide array of building materials.
However, builders also noted that in
most cases these were the first price increases in several years. Acquisition and development
loans also remain difficult to obtain.
Leasing activity slowed and office vacancy rates eked
outonly minor improvements in
June. Earlier this year, the pace of absorption had been somewhat faster. In midtown
Manhattan, the vacancy rate for prime commercial office space now hovers around 13.9
percent -- well below the rate for most of the nation's central business districts. Vacancy
II-1
SECOND DISTRICT - NEW YORK
Regional growth slackened a bit over the past six weeks as the housing sector
responded to higher interest rates. Home builders reported lackluster sales, and the sales rate
of existing homes fell in many areas. In addition, the rate of absorption slowed in the
commercial office markets. Payroll employment expanded, but only moderately, as corporate
mergers and restructurings partly offset some of the gains. Unemployment rates bounced up
in June following a very sharp decline in May. Although seasonal adjustment problems may
have affected the data, the general downward trend probably remains intact. Retail sales were
mixed. Inexpensive chains and discounters reported moderate to strong year-over-year gains,
and motor vehicle sales were moderately strong, but general department stores reported small
increases that were well below their expectations.
Consumer Spending
Retailers reported mixed sales results in June and the first two weeks of July. General
department stores chalked up disappointing 12-month gains of 0.5 to 5 percent
However,
inexpensive department stores, discounters, and variety stores reported gains in the range of 7
to 10 percent in the Second District, better than their results in the rest of the nation.
Managers at these stores commented that sales were good across the spectrum
of men's,
women's, and children's apparel, small and large appliances, and electric goods. The general
department stores noted increased difficulty moving apparel, some unwanted inventory
accumulation, and the consequent need for markdowns and sales.
Motor vehicle dealers reported strong demand - unit sales ran about 5 percent above
year ago levels -- in June and early July. Dealers reported that the effects of higher interest
rates were blunted by double-digit gains in leasing. Inventories of cars were slightly higher
than desired, but supplies of light trucks were reportedly quite short.
II-3
rates for prime office space in most suburban area in the Second District, including Long
Island and Fairfield County, also show marked improvement compared to both year-ago levels
and the prior quarter. Corporate restructuring and some deceleration in the volume of
relocations have stymied improvements in the Westchester and Northern New Jersey office
markets; however, vacancy rates in these suburbs rose slightly from March to June.
Financial Developments
About one-third of the senior loan officers surveyed at small and midsized banks in
the District reported stronger loan demand, while fewer than 20 percent reported weaker
demand. Consumer loans showed the most strength with more than half of the respondents
reporting increased demand. Residential mortgage and refinancing activities remained weak.
In general, loan rates have continued to increase. Nearly three-quarters of the banks reported
higher rates, though a few reported lower business loan rates. Fewer banks raised their rates
on consumer loans than on any other type of loans, as was the case in the last survey.
While three-quarters of banks surveyed reported no change in their willingness to lend,
one-quarter did report an increase. In general, credit standards have not changed, and more
than 90 percent of the banks surveyed reported stable or lower delinquency rates.
Approximately two-thirds of the respondents reported that deposit rates moved higher,
and that the spread between the average lending rate and deposit rate was stable or narrowed.
III-1
THIRD DISTRICT - PHILADELPHIA
Economic activity in the Third District was edging up in July, according
to reports from businesses in the region. Manufacturers indicated that shipments
and orders were moving up modestly, although employment was steady. Auto dealers
were seeing renewed growth in sales in July after a brief pause in June.
General
merchandise retailers, however, generally reported somewhat softer sales in July
compared with June,
especially for apparel.
Bankers said consumer lending
continued to move up and commercial lending was rising also, albeit slightly.
Real estate loan volume has been flat.
Looking ahead, business contacts in the District expect growth to continue,
but
at a somewhat more
subdued pace
than in the
first half of
the year.
Manufacturers anticipate further gains in new orders and shipments, but they do
not expect order backlogs to increase.
Auto dealers forecast sales for the year
as a whole to exceed sales for last year.
Retailers expect a boost from back-to-
school shopping, but they anticipate only a slight increase for the second half
of this year compared with the same period last year.
Bankers predict that
slower economic growth in the second half will restrain the growth of loan
demand.
MANUFACTURING
Reports from Third District manufacturers in July indicated that activity
remained on a moderate upward trend.
About one-third of the industrial firms
contacted said they were posting gains in both shipments and new orders while
about half said shipments and orders were running at a steady pace.
varied by
sector, however:
improvement was
reported among
makers
Conditions
of paper
III-2
products; chemicals; electrical machinery; transportation equipment; and stone,
clay, and glass products; declining activity was noted by makers of textiles,
primary metals, and nonelectrical machinery.
Employment at Third District manufacturing plants was
steady in July,
according to reporting firms, with both employee numbers and hours level.
On
balance, area industrial firms were allowing inventories to fall slightly.
Looking ahead, about 40 percent of the firms contacted for this report
expect business
to
continue
to
improve during
the next
six months.
They
anticipate gains in shipments and orders, but they do not expect demand for their
products to be strong enough to push order backlogs up or to require extending
hours or adding workers.
While half of the firms surveyed reported that prices for inputs were
steady in July, about 40 percent noted increases for at least some of the goods
they purchase.
About two-thirds of the firms were holding the line on prices of
the products they make, but nearly one-fourth were implementing price increases.
Nearly two-thirds of the manufacturers commenting on price expectations said they
anticipate higher input costs over the next six months, and two-fifths plan to
charge more for the products they make.
RETAIL
Third District retailers indicated that sales in July ran somewhat below
the levels of the spring months.
could be
the cause of the
While some said that normal seasonal factors
slowdown, several noted that
sales of clothing,
especially women's apparel, remained weak as spring and summer fashions failed
to attract consumers' interest.
Despite slower than expected sales, most of the
merchants contacted for this report said their inventories were not significantly
higher than planned.
III-3
Retailers generally expect the pace of sales to accelerate with the fall
back-to-school shopping period.
Some expressed the opinion that clothing sales
will bounce back once fall styles are in the stores.
Most area merchants predict
just small gains in overall sales, however, as they expect economic growth to
begin slowing in the second half of the year.
Third District auto dealers said sales slipped a bit in late June but
appeared to be picking up again in late July.
In general, dealers still expect
sales for the year as a whole to be good, and to exceed last year's level by a
modest amount.
FINANCE
Third District bankers generally reported moderate loan growth in July.
Most
of
those
contacted
said
consumer
lending
for both
credit
cards
and
installment loans continued to expand.
Commercial lending has been moving up
slightly, according
the decline
to bankers.
With
in mortgage
refinancing,
residential real estate lending activity has dropped at banks in the District and
mortgage loan volume outstanding has been level.
Most of the bankers surveyed in July foresee some slowing of economic
activity in the second half of the year, and they expect a consequent slowdown
in the rate of loan growth. Also, comments from some bankers indicate that they
may become more cautious in consumer lending in response to rising ratios of
consumer debt to income.
This restraint may take the form of reduced credit
lines and greater collateral coverage for secured debt such as auto loans and
home equity loans.
IV-1
FOURTH DISTRICT - CLEVELAND
Overview
Conditions in the District remain favorable. Orders and shipments in the industrial
sector are continuing to expand, and an increasing proportion of manufacturers report
adding workers to their payrolls. Construction activity is still good, with perhaps less of
the new growth coming from residential and more from commercial and industrial
building. The retail sector appears to have rebounded from its spring slowdown, although
weather and price discounting may have temporarily propped up apparel sales. Loan
demand is holding solid, with household borrowing reportedly brisk. Commercial
borrowing is also growing, although alternativecredit sources have apparent l y cut into the
business of some commercial banks for this product.
Industrial Activity
The region's industrial sector continues to exhibit vigorous growth, particularly in
areas related to motor vehicle production and capital goods. Several District producers
report record shipments and orders for the second quarter, and early third-quarter returns
suggest a continuation of that trend. A few capital goods makers indicate backlogs of six
to eight months, roughly twice the typical level. While domestic demand for capital goods
remains high, foreign orders are apparently on the rise. Even capital goods orders for
European customers have apparently turned the corner and are now headed modestly
higher.
Vehicle producers are equally upbeat, and this strength is reflected across a range
of suppliers. Paints, metals, glass, and components producers are all reporting solid
production levels. New hires are becoming increasingly common, and several firms note
shortages of skilled labor. Cost pressures remain moderate, although rising prices are
noted for metals and paperboard and packaging. Despite the exceptional orders and
production numbers, many manufacturers in the District indicate that competitive
pressures are still restraining their ability to raise prices.
IV-2
Consumers
Fourth District retailers report that sales picked up substantially in June after
declines in May and April, and the pace of improvement apparently increased during the
first two weeks of July. Much of the early July gain appears to have been associated with
aggressive post-holiday clearance sales, and retailers generally expect markets to settle
into a slower, more sustainable growth pattern moving into the fall.
While electronics, furniture, and building materials continue to sell well, demand
has broadened to include "soft" goods such as home furnishings-perhaps a lagged effect
of the strong residential building activity earlier in the year. Apparel sales have also
improved, although District sources say that hot June temperatures and summer price
discounts may have had a temporary influence.
Traditional department stores appear to be the primary beneficiaries of the recent
sales gains, with most reporting year-to-year improvements of 5 percent or so. Sales by
discounters are being spread over an increasing number of competitors and individual
companies have had mixed results. Specialty stores, especially apparel outlets, continue to
lose ground in year-to-year comparisons, although monthly declines are diminishing. By
contrast, these same companies are reporting growth in their catalog divisions-in most
cases double-digit improvements from last year.
Price competition is reported to be severe in most retail markets, and some
margins are being squeezed by rising merchandise costs.
Autos
Fourth District motor vehicle dealers are upbeat about their recent sales
performance as well as about the upcoming 1995 model year. After a brief spring respite,
most were again reporting year-to-year sales gains in June, and although profit margins
remain thin, they have improved as consumer demand has risen.
Dealers report continuing shortages of popular auto and sport utility vehicles.
Given demand levels and capacity constraints faced by U.S. motor vehicle manufacturers,
IV-3
dealer association respondents anticipate continuing shortages of certain cars and trucks
throughout the remainder of the year.
Area dealers are following the industry trend of increasing leases as a percentage
of total sales. They note that some automakers are boosting incentives on leases even as
they reduce them on straight sales. Lease arrangements have also become more attractive
as interest rates have risen 50 to 75 basis points in major Fourth District markets over the
past few months. The Japanese automakers have been particularly successful in the
leasing segment of the new car market. Even as the rising yen and other factors have
pressured purchase prices upward on new vehicle, aggressive leasing plans have allowed
them to offer competitive monthly payments.
Overall, respondents say that they expect price increases on the 1995 models to
average in the 3 to 6 percent range, as new car demand is expected to remain high. They
do not believe sales have been significantly affected by recent interest rates hikes, although
cash sales have reportedly picked up.
Lending Activity
Lending activity around the District is good, with most borrowing occurring at the
household level. Consumer credit demand is up, and some banks report an improving
mortgage credit market. However, the rise in mortgage rates was generally thought to
have lessened the pace of home sales. Also expanding are commercial loans, particularly
for small and mid-sized borrowers. A few institions indicate that the fall-off in
residential construction activity has been offset by an increased incidence of commercial
building, and at least one banker observed that loan covenants on commercial building had
been relaxed. Several banks indicated that nonbank credit sources remain a competitive
alternative to commercial banks. While some deposit runoff has been seen, the fund
outflows from commercial banks have apparently been modest, and a few institutions
report a small rise in retail CD volume.
V-1
FIFTH DISTRICT-RICHMOND
Overview: Most sectors of the District economy grew moderately in June and early
July, although finance and residential real estate slowed somewhat. Manufacturing and retail
activity rose, and modest price increases were seen in both sectors. Port activity and tourism
picked up, and commercial real estate activity was strong. Mortgage originations and
consumer lending, however, declined slightly. Agricultural activity was at a normal level.
Consumer Spending: Respondents to a regular mail survey indicated that District
retail activity increased in June. Sales, wages, and shopper traffic rose, but employment,
big-ticket sales, and inventories changed little. Survey respondents indicated that retail prices
increased 0.3 percent in June, and they expected prices to increase 1.3 percent during the
next six months. They also foresaw increased demand for their products in the months
ahead.
The District's board of directors reported that retail sales--especially sales of autos
and building materials--generally were strong in their areas. They noted, however, that
consumers continued to be price conscious and willing to shop at several stores before
making a purchase.
Manufacturing: A mail survey of District manufacturers showed increased factory
activity in June. Survey respondents reported increases in shipments, the volume of new
orders, order backlogs, and the hours worked per week. Despite increased factory activity,
there was no rise in factory employment. Capital expenditures were up compared to six
months ago. Manufacturers expected shipments and capital expenditures to increase during
the next six months, but they anticipated no change in employment. Finished goods prices
were steady; raw materials prices increased, but by less than the general inflation rate.
Producers expected these price trends to continue during the next six months.
Service-Producing Firms: Respondents to a mail survey of District serviceproducing firms indicated higher revenues and wages in June. Employment changed little,
except for increases in the wholesale and health services sectors. Service prices rose 0.2
percent in June, and respondents looked for them to rise 0.7 percent during the next six
months. Respondents also expected demand for their services to increase.
Tourism: A telephone survey of hotels, motels, and resorts throughout the District
indicated that tourist activity in June and early July was higher than in May and a year ago.
Over the last several weeks, many beach area hotels were reported booked to capacity; the
Fourth of July weekend was especially busy. Other beach and mountain area hotels and
resorts experienced increased bookings. All respondents expected tourist activity for the
remainder of the summer to be above last year's level.
Ports: Representatives at the District ports of Baltimore, Charleston, and Hampton
Roads (Norfolk) indicated that both exports and imports were higher in June than in May.
Compared with a year ago, imports were higher, but exports were unchanged. Baltimore
reported that warehouses were filling up because of increased imports but noted that the
weak dollar could soon shift activity from imports to exports.
Finance: District financial institutions indicated that lending activity slowed slightly
during the last six weeks. Mortgage originations declined somewhat, and refinancing
remained weak. Consumer lending also declined slightly, although it remained at a fairly
strong level.
Interest rates on both mortgage and consumer loans rose. Commercial lending
remained weak, and rates were unchanged. Most lenders were cautious about future loan
demand and expected slow-to-moderate levels of activity through the summer.
V-3
Residential Real Estate: Real estate contacts reported steady buyer traffic but fewer
home sales in June and early July. Homebuilders said there were fewer starts and building
permits because of fears of future mortgage rate hikes. Home prices were unchanged;
lumber prices and construction wages were stable, although the cost of other building
materials rose.
Commercial Real Estate: District contacts continued to report strong leasing
activity in June and declining vacancy rates, creating shortages of space in some areas. The
supply of newer office space was particularly tight. The price of commercial office space
continued to inch upward, especially in suburban areas. Increased prices of newer space led
some businesses in Charleston, W.Va., to move to older, less expensive buildings to save
money. Financing for speculative construction remained tight; however, real estate agents
anticipated new build-to-suit construction in some areas.
State Revenues: State government revenue forecasters said tax collections from June
suggested that economic growth in Maryland and South Carolina slowed slightly but
remained steady in the other states.
Agriculture: Crop and weather conditions were normal across most of the District in
recent weeks. Scattered rainfall brought relief to crops in many areas, although some
remained dry, and temperatures were above-normal in others. Corn and soybeans generally
were in fair-to-good condition. Hay cutting was underway, and the harvesting of tobacco,
vegetable crops, and peaches was beginning. The small grains harvest was nearly complete,
and reports suggested good yields.
VI-1
SIXTH DISTRICT - ATLANTA
Overview: The Southeast economy continues to expand, although business contacts
in the region have reported modest slowing in scattered sectors. Retailers reported higher sales
levels in June and July, and most seem more encouraged about fall sales prospects. District
manufacturers reported some moderation in production activity in June, but producers of
building-related materials, auto parts, steel, paper, and chemicals all reported expanding
operations. Home sales in the District remain good, but homebuilders are expecting a slowing
in single-family construction activity in the next few months. Multifamily and commercial real
estate activity continues to improve. Sixth District bankers reported that consumer loan demand
was mixed but commercial loan activity has increased.
Contacts report that consumer prices
remain generally stable, but tight labor markets in some areas are pushing up wage rates.
Georgia flood loss estimates now run on the order of one billion dollars, although initial
infrastructure loss estimates are often revised down. There has apparently been little economic
disruption outside the directly affected areas.
Consumer Spending After slowing considerably in the spring, Sixth District retailers
reported generally improving sales of late. Contacts continue to note that strong competition in
most areas is holding down prices at both the wholesale and retail level. Apparel sales, which
fell off sharply in April and May, rebounded in June and July.
However, much of this
improvement was said to be due to increased discounting and promotions. Nonetheless, contacts
seem generally more optimistic than they were in late spring about back-to-school sales, with
most expecting increases of 3 to 6 percent over last years' levels.
Retailers are no longer
reporting year-over-year gains for sales of home-related products, such as furnishings and
appliances, in conjunction with the maturing housing cycle. Auto dealers in the District continue
VI-2
to report healthy car and truck sales, though business customers note that the cost of new autos
is rising.
Manufacturing: Manufacturing activity moderated slightly in the Southeast in early
summer, reflected by slowing shipments and orders for some producers. However, most factory
contacts remain optimistic about the near-term outlook. Producers of construction equipment are
expanding in overseas and domestic markets aided by the lower dollar and growing commercial
construction activity. Production levels remain high for carpet producers, and some apparel
fabric manufacturers are encouraged by a recent strengthening in demand.
The chemical
industry, steel producers, and auto parts manufactures are expanding operations and adding jobs.
At the same time, mergers and consolidations continue to cause layoffs in Florida's aerospace
industry, and other large companies continue to trim payrolls in the region. The demand for
paper is said to be rebounding in foreign and domestic markets, and prices have started to trend
upward.
Tourism: Tourist activity remains healthy in most of the region. Overseas travel to
Georgia has surged since Atlanta was named the site for the next summer Olympics, and tourism
and trade officials expect the trend to continue. Miami's cruise industry reports that bookings
have been good. Despite the temporary uptick provided by World Cup visitors, tourism is still
off in central Florida. Hotel occupancies are down from a year ago due in part to fewer British
and German tourists. Casino gambling continues to attract a record number of tourists to
Mississippi's Gulf Coast, and the summer convention trade in New Orleans is at a all-time high.
Construction: District realtors reported brisk home sales in June and July.
Most
contacts noted that despite higher mortgage rates, home sales this summer have equaled last
year's very strong level. Starter and mid-priced homes continue to sell well, but there have been
some reports of first-time home buyers being squeezed out of the market by higher mortgage
VI-3
rates. Luxury home sales continue to improve. Demand for new homes remains strong, but
many realtors and builders are expecting a gradual slowing in building activity in the next several
months, with some regions reporting the slowing already occurring. However, an unseasonably
wet summer has delayed building in many areas of the District, and it may take builders some
time to get caught up on planned building activity.
Commercial and multifamily real estate contacts continue to report improving
conditions in their markets. Multifamily occupancy and rental rates are rising in most areas of
the District, and many cities are seeing new multifamily development underway.
In addition,
commercial realtors are also reporting improved leasing activity and falling vacancy rates. While
almost all new commercial construction in the District is either public or build-to-suit, some
contacts have noted that they anticipate some speculative building in selected areas within the next
year.
Financial Services: Bankers around the region reported that overall loan demand was
steady or up moderately in June and July.
Consumer loan demand was mixed from bank to
bank. Mortgage lending has picked up a little in the summer months, but the loan pipeline seems
to be emptying in many areas. Commercial loan activity was consistently reported as stronger,
although in a very competitive market. Several bankers reported seeing more real estate deals,
while one reported experiencing double digit growth on the commercial side.
Wages and Prices:
Labor markets are tightening in parts of the District.
In
Tennessee, clerical support and skilled laborers are reported to be in strong demand pushing
wages upward. In New Orleans, the demand for temporary workers is said to be the highest it
has been in four years. Price increases have generally held steady since the last report, although
some contacts in the paper- and construction-relates industries report larger but sporadic gains.
Some apparel producers note increasing raw material prices, but retail prices remain flat.
VII-1
SEVENTH DISTRICT--CHICAGO
Summary. Seventh District economic growth has moderated from the robust pace of late 1993
and early 1994, but generally continued to advance at a good rate during the seasonally slower summer
period. Survey data and reports from retailers suggest that sales growth may have picked up again in June
and early July, after slowing in April and May. Manufacturing and distribution activity remained
vigorous. Somewhat weaker demand has played a role (along with tight supplies) in constraining auto
sales, but discussions with auto manufacturers and dealers suggest that underlying demand for vehicles
remains relatively strong. Higher mortgage interest rates have definitely slowed housing activity,
however. Competitive forces continued to preclude price increases in retailing, while industrial materials
continued to rise. Labor shortages have been reported more frequently, but few manufacturers expressed
concern about developing wage pressures. Favorable weather has significantly bolstered prospects for the
District's fall crop harvest, and prices for corn and soybeans have fallen markedly since mid-June.
Retail Sales/Housing. Surveys and discussions with large retailers suggest that retail sales
continued to grow at a moderate pace, after slowing earlier in the second quarter. One large retailer stated
that "April and May were a small setback, but we think this is a boring, slow, middle-of-the-road upward
trend, and it is likely to continue." Sales growth in this firm's District stores has been below the national
average during 1994, but only because sales recovered in other important market areas later than they did
in the District. Another large retailing firm reported that "the overall trend is not as strong as it was, but
it's still very good." Sales gains in household furnishings continue to outperform those for apparel,
according to several retailing firms. Sales tax revenues continued to post strong gains in Illinois through
June. A state official in Michigan noted that growth in sales tax revenues has implied greater economic
growth in the state than recent employment and income data, even after adjusting for the impact of
changes in the tax law. Discussions with 12 auto dealerships were mixed but suggestive of relatively
strong vehicle demand, althoughgrowth may still have slowed from earlier in the year. Tight supplies are
still cutting into sales gains, and some (but not all) dealerships stated that higher interest rates were also
dampening sales. No dealership expected accelerating lease expirations to hamper future new car sales.
Housing sales and cons ruction have lost some momentum in recent months. An association of
homebuilders reported that sales and traffic fell off significantly further than seasonally expected in May
and June. Activity is well below expectations held earlier in 1994. One large homebuilder stated that
"the initial sales push from fear of higher interest rates seems to have played itself out. The overall
impact of higher rates is now negative." Demand from non-discretionary buyers has held up relatively
VII-2
well under rate increases, according to this contact, but May and June results were still characterized as
"lousy," and below plan. One of the largest realtors in the District reported that transactions volume in
June was significantly below its year-earlier level; year-to-date in 1994, sales are even with last year, and
"the trend isn't good." A large bank reported that housing loan demand has fallen off in recent months.
Manufacturing. Survey results and reports from manufacturers indicate that manufacturing
activity remained vigorous. The production components of purchasing managers' surveys around the
District continued to increase or remain at high levels in June. A large manufacturer ofindustrial power
equipment division cited strong demand from the steel industry as a primary factor in is continuing sales
gains, both from integrated mills (striving to improve productivity) and mini-mills. The underlying
momentum in steel production remained strong, according to an industry analyst who recently raised his
forecast for shipments in 1994. Construction and mining machinery sales (in units) rose significantly in
the Midwest in the first quarter, although an industry analyst believed that sales growth may have
moderated since then. This contact indicated that higher interest rates seem to have had little effect on
construction and mining equipment sales thus far in 1994. A large manufacturer of appliances reported
slowing sales growth in most product lines (air conditioners being an important exception). Domestic
appliance sales to dealers stillreached a record for June, and continued gains in housing completions
should help strengthen demand, but this contact expected sales to flatten out (on a seasonally adjusted
basis) over the balance of 1994. A survey of heavy-duty truck operators suggested that utilization rose to
the highest level for the second quarter in the past eleven years, and a greater-than-seasonally-expected
increase from the first quarter "spells heightened demand for ... replacement parts for the next six to nine
months."
There are not yet any extraordinary shortages of construction equipment arising from
an ongoing
strike; some machine types are on allocation, but an industry analyst noted that "this is typical for the
industry right now." Overseas productive capacity is still underutilized for most of the affected
manufacturer's product lines. A capital goods manufacturer stated that sales to the paper industry remain
relatively weak, even as that industry's operating rate has risen to high levels, because paper
manufacturers' profitability has suffered with weak prices due to low capacity utilization levels among
overseas manufacturers.
Prices. Discussions with retailers revealed little if any upward movement in the consumer prices.
Asked about pricing, one large chain stated that "if you're looking for inflation, you better find another
industry." Another large retailer indicated that the firm is still trying to lower prices "wherever possible."
VII-3
On average, this firm's prices have continued to decline. A number of banking, retailing, and construction
equipment firms cited renewed vigor in shopping center development and otherwise increased retailing
capacity as evidence that competitive conditions will dampen retail pricing for some time to come.
Industrial material prices continued to climb faster than the overall price level. The price
component of purchasing managers' surveys in Chicago, Detroit and Western Michigan each rose in June,
and have been on upward trends during 1994. Finished steel prices have been heading higher this year on
the spot market, while contractual prices with automakers are also expected to rise. After dropping off
significantly in March and April, scrap steel prices firmed and rose anew during May and June, and an
industry analyst expected further gains in coming months. A large petrochemical firm noted that future
supply conditions are highly uncertain (citing output in the former USSR, in particular), and refrained
from speculating about the future path of oil prices.
Several regional analysts reported strong gains in help-wanted advertising in their respective
market areas, both in print as well as on the radio, with one noting increased advertising by employers
based outside the local area where the ads appear. Few manufacturers stated that labor shortages were
impacting wages, however, and those who did noted that upward pressures on wages were concentrated
in skilled technical positions.
Agriculture. Favorable weather patterns this summer have offset earlier drought concerns and
significantly bolstered prospects for the District's fall crop harvest. Crop condition ratings are among the
highest in memory, especially in Iowa and Wisconsin where virtually all of the corn acreage is rated
"good" or "excellent." The high ratings have prompted some analysts to view this year's potential harvest
as comparable to the 1992 record. In line with these improved prospects, however, crop prices have
retreated sharply. Both corn and soybean prices have fallen about 20 percent since mid-June.
VIII-2
Firms are recalling laid-off workers and hiring additional workers in all parts of
the District. For example, a clothing manufacturer in Arkansas recalled 2,000 laid-off
workers and reports that plants are operating at capacity. A jeans manufacturer will soon
complete a new facility in Kentucky, employing 350 workers, with potential for 250
additional workers if consolidation plans are realized. Northeast Mississippi is getting a
new waste recycling facility, generating about 200 new positions. An aerospace firm is
transferring production from Utah to an abandoned Mississippi facility, bringing 850 jobs.
A nationally known discount store announced the opening of three supercenters in western
Tennessee that will employ 1,800 people. An automaker announced it will continue to
build a particular model at its current plant, saving 1,100 jobs.
Some employee layoffs, firm reorganizations and sales declines
occurred in the
District as well. For example, a maker of medical products closed two divisions and laid
off 500 workers, about 125 in St. Louis. Riverboat casinos in the St. Louis area have also
laid off workers, partly because of the normal overhiring that occurs when they first open
and partly because of the lack of traditional slot machines, which reduces attendance and
makes the riverboats less competitive. A shoe manufacturer and a chemical company
announced plant closings, together eliminating almost 300jobs. A southen Illinois mining
company is closing a mine and a preparation facility by late August, eliminating 200 jobs,
because its major customer, wanting a lower-sulfur coal, will not renew its contract. A
vehicle transmission manufacturer reports that year-to-date sales are down
13 percent. A
contact in the paper products industry reports that year-over-year sales are down 5 percent;
however, demand in this industry usually lags the rest of the economy by about one year.
Construction and Real Estate
Residential construction continues to be a source of strength in the District. Singlefamily housing permits are still significantly above year-ago levels in most areas.
Moreover, many areas experiencing strong economic growth, such as central and western
Kentucky, report a shortage of available housing.
Despite the overall strength, rising
VIII-1
EIGHTH DISTRICT - ST. LOUIS
Summary
District economic activity continues to expand, as firms report sales increases, plant
expansions and new hiring. The overall pace of activity, though, has moderated somewhat
since the last report because of employee layoffs and firm reorganizaons.
Residential
construction remains strong in most areas of the District, though rising interest rates are
dampening activity in some areas. Total loans at a group of small and mid-sized banks
continued to increase, though by less than they had earlier in the year. In general, crop
conditions are favorable.
Manufacturing and Other Business Activity
District firms continue to report growth, although reports are slightly more mixed
than previously.
Sales increases were reported by numerous contacts.
For example,
contacts selling heavy construction-related equipment continue to report very strong
demand, resulting in occasional shipping delays of up to eight weeks. In addition, they
report that used equipment sales to Mexico have grown substantially since the passage of
NAFTA.
The upholstered furniture industry in northern Mississippi is booming, with
expectations for more of the same. Auto parts manufacturers also report strong demand.
In fact, some contracts have been turned down because demand exceeds plant capacity;
plant expansions are expected to occur to correct this situation. One brick manufacturer
reports a strong backlog and a continued positive outlook; expansion is under way to meet
this demand. Hotel industry contacts report that hotels are finally seeing impressive gains
in occupancy rates after years of decline, especially at all-suite and full-service properties.
In the southern parts of the District, building supplies companies report that yearover-year sales are up more than 20 percent; year-to-date sales are up 18 percent. A pallet
producer reports year-to-date sales are up 15 percent. Other manufacturers report year-todate sales increases of between 6 percent and 12 percent.
VIII-3
interest rates are beginning to affect some markets, like first-time homebuyers. One Little
Rock contact described the housing market as brisk, but said the "buying frenzy" appears
to be over.
Commercial real estate markets continue to improve.
In Memphis, the office
vacancy rate is at a six-year low, and industrial construction is headed toward a 10-year
peak. Some District contacts expect multifamily construction, which has been dormant for
several years, to pick up in the near future.
Banking and Finance
Total loans rose from mid-May to mid-July at a sample of 91 small and mid-sized
District banks, but by less than they had increased from mid-March to mid-May. Each
major loan category-commercial and industrial, real estate and consumer-showed a
similar trend: increasing, but not by as much as during the prior two-month period. Still,
District banking contacts report loan demand is strong, and many are expressing concerns
about liquidity problems because of inadequate deposit growth.
Agriculture and Natural Resources
Crops are in mostly good condition throughout the District. Moisture conditions
vary considerably, however, with some areas needing rainfall, while other areas, especially
the southern region of the District, are experiencing excessive precipitation. Contacts in
several areas indicate that, unless adverse weather develops, bumper crops are possible.
For example, record or near-record cotton and rice crops are expected in Mississippi.
Arkansas' rice crop is expected to be largest in several years. The corn and soybean crops
appear to be in good-to-excellent shape, with minimal pest problems.
Above-average
yields appear to have been the rule rather than the exception in most wheat-producing
areas this summer. High temperatures in parts of Missouri and Arkansas have reportedly
caused above-average poultry losses for some growers. Southern pine lumber mills report
that year-to-date orders and production are running about 5 percent above last year.
IX-1
NINTH DISTRICT--MINNEAPOLIS
Growth in the Ninth Federal Reserve District continues to gain momentum. Manufacturing firms
apparently have expanding orders and there is increased spending on capital goods. Metal mining
prospects are brighter and output is increasing. New residential housing starts slowed
slightly from
earlier in the spring, but construction remains very robust Crop conditions are excellend in most areas.
Reports on tourist activity are strong from all areas of the Ninth District. Outlays on general merchandise
continue to expand and motor vehicle sales remain strong.
Labor markets show increasing signs of tightness, especially in metropolitan areas across the district.
Some firms report difficulty hiring skilled workers. However, there is little evidence of increasing labor
costs. And while prices of a few materials, such as non-ferrus metals, have increased, some supply
bottlenecks have apparently eased.
Manufacturine and capital goods
Manufacturing is generally robust and orders apparently are increasing. Firms producing building
supplies or auto components report particularly strong sales. Manufacturers of medical supplies,
electronic devices and commercial cabinets also indicate that business is very good. An electronic
controls manufacturer reports "We are still well above plan in spite of the interest rate increases."
Increased capital investment is apparently responsible for some of the impetus in manufacturing. One
manufacturer of industrial painting equipment had second-quarter sales 18 percent above a year earlier.
Moreover, farmers are increasing their capital spending: North Dakota reports that first-qarter sales tax
revenues on farm machinery sales were 28 percent above 1993 and other sources indicate that such sales
have continued to increase as crop prospects become increasingly optimistic.
Natural resource industries
Natural resource-related industries are strong. An iron ore mine that has been closed for nearly a year
will reportedly open by fall Furthermore, shipments from existing iron mines are running above 1993
levels and above industry projections made earlier in the year. Copper prices remain 30 percent above
year-earlier prices and production is strong.
IX-2
In the forest products sector, plants manufacturing plywood substitutes in Minnesota and Wisconsin
are reportedly running at capacity and lumber mills in that region have good business. But in South
Dakota and Montana, output of lumber is reportedly below 1993 levels due to cutting restrictions. In the
paper industry, which continues to suffer from overbuilding in the 1980s, there are some glimmers of
improvement. A new plant to de-ink and re-pulp used paper reports good business, and aspokesman for
a firm with two mills in Minnesota said, "We expect 1994 to be better than 1993." But another
Minnesota mill laid off 220 workers.
Construction
Despite interest rate increases earlier in the year, the construction sector remains robust in most areas
of the district. But residential building may have reached a plateau. For Minneapolis-St. Paul, June
single-family permits dropped slightly from May, but remained 1 percent above the high levels attained a
year-earlier. Residential construction reportedly remains very strong in such regional centers as Eau
Claire, Wis., Sioux Falls, S.D., and Fargo, N.D. Commercial and heavy construction in Minnesota and
the Dakotas through June was about 2 percent above 1993 and 28 percent above 1992.
Agriculture
Crops in most areas of the Ninth District are in excellent condition. Development of corn, soybeans
and wheat is substantially ahead of normal. While hail damage is somewhat more widespread than
normal and excess rainfall caused some crop damage in the Dakotas and northwestern Minnesota, overall
prospects are for an excellent crop. Harvest of winter wheat has begun. There is some concern that plant
diseases may again cut wheat yields and quality in eastern North Dakota and northwestern Minnesota,
but no hard information is yet available.
Although crop prospects are much better than a year ago, livestock numbers and output show little
change. While cattle and hogs both seem to be moving toward contractionary phases of their respective
cycles, industry sources and extension economists anticipate current high slaughter levels and low prices
will continue into 1995.
Consumer spending and tourism
Sales of all classes of retail merchandise continue strong across the district. A representative of a
regional department store chain indicates that second quarter business was excellent, as do reports from a
IX-3
large national chain based in Minneapolis. Mall managers in Minneapolis-St Paul and other
metropolitan areas also report expanding sales.
Motor vehicle sales continue to add impetus in many areas. The pace of automobile sales slowed
slightly in Minnesota, with monthly sales for June about 2 percentage points below a year earlier. But
1994 year-to-date sales lead 1993's already strong sales levels by 2 percentage points. And South
Dakota's pace quickened; June sales were 13 percent and year-to-date sales 12 percent ahead of the
corresponding period in 1993.
Pleasant weather is keeping tourist attractions busy. Hotel occupancy in the Upper Peninsula of
Michigan is up for July over 1993, after staying even during June. June crossings at the Mackinac
Bridge are up 9 percent over year-earlier levels, reportedly due in part to nearby casinos. A chamber of
commerce official in northern Wisconsin reports "the best summer ever." And a Duluth, Minn., official
estimates about an 8 percent increase in tourism traffic for June and July over the same months last year.
Campsite occupancy in South Dakota in June is up 47 percent over 1993, the highest level in five years.
Montana reports for June were up slightly from last year's record levels.
Employment. wages and prices
Labor markets reflect a strengthening district economy. Late spring employment numers continued
to climb in all Ninth District states and unemployment rates dropped. Employment numbers are running
2 percent to 3 percent above year earlier levels in Minnesota and both Dakotas. In these states
unemployment rates are at 3.2 percent or less, down a point or more from 1993. The Minneapolis-St.
Paul unemployment rate is down to 2.5 percent while Sioux Falls and Aberdeen S.D., Fargo N.D., and
LaCrosse, Wis., are even lower. Firms in many sectors report difficulty in securing qualified help. A
personnel manager for a western North Dakota manufacturer said, "It is much more difficult to get help
than a year ago." News media report shortages of over-the-road truck drivers, mold and die makers and
electronics technicians.
Neither vigorous business conditions nor tightening labor markets have yet translated into significant
upward pressure on wages or prices. Few sources report wage pressures. Hourly earings in
manufacturing for Minneapolis-St Paul are about 1 percent above year-earlier levels. Shortages of steel
and wood particle board reported in June have apparently eased. Non-ferrous metals have increased in
price, and petroleum fuels have risen back to summer 1993 levels.
X-2
capacity, but few report shortages of skilled labor.
Export sales have
increased and are expected to grow throughout the remainder of the year.
Energy.
Energy activity has picked up in the district, responding to
the continued strength of crude oil prices.
The average number of drilling
rigs operating in the district climbed from 207 in May to 232 in June and
climbed further to 240 in the first three weeks of July.
Still, the
district's rig count remains below its year-ago level.
Housing.
Builders report that housing starts fell last month and expect
them to decline slightly over the remainder of the year.
housing starts remain higher than a year ago.
Despite the decline,
Sales of new homes also
moderated due to very low inventories of unsold homes.
Demand has been strong
enough, however, to keep prices of homes higher than a year ago.
Mortgage
demand has declined considerably with increasing mortgage rates.
Most
respondents expect demand to remain sluggish as rates continue tc gradually
climb.
Although building materials are generally available, builders expect
the price of materials to rise slightly in the near future.
Banking.
Loan demand rose last month at almost all reporting banks.
Most banks reported higher demand for commercial and industrial loans,
consumer loans, and commercial real estate loans.
Demand was flat to up for
home equity loans, residential construction loans, and agricultural loans.
Loan-deposit ratios
were up from the previous month, and security investments
were flat to down at most banks.
Almost all respondents left their prime rate unchanged last month, and
almost all expect to leave the rate unchanged in the near term.
raised their consumer lending rates last month.
A few banks
However, most banks left
X-1
TENTH DISTRICT - KANSAS CITY
Overview.
pace.
The Tenth District economy continues to grow at a healthy
A few signs of slowing, though, are emerging in some sectors.
Retail
sales have leveled off in the past month, and residential construction and
sales of new homes are slowing.
high levels of capacity use.
However, manufacturers continue
to operate at
And, in the farm sector, an uptick in cattle
prices has helped stem losses in the cattle industry, while conditions are
favorable for crop producers.
Moreover, district energy activity is
Retail prices are reported to be stable,
benefitting from firmer oil prices.
while prices of manufacturers' inputs are up from a year ago.
Retail Sales.
Most retailers report sales higher than a year ago, but
flat over the past month.
Several retailers report their strongest sales in
apparel and home furnishings.
Prices have changed little since list year and
are expected to remain stable for the rest of this year due to competition at
both the wholesale and retail levels.
Most respondents expect sales to rise
in coming months but are maintaining inventories at present levels.
Most auto dealers report increases
further increases throughout the next few
both dealers and potential buyers.
in sales from last month and expect
months.
Financing is
available for
Inventories are low, and dealers are
having difficulty building inventories so close to the change in model year.
Manufacturing.
Most purchasing agents report input prices are slightly
higher than a year ago, but few expect prices
term.
to increase further in the near
Several agents report longer lead times and some difficulties in
getting materials, but they expect no major bottlenecks during the next few
months.
Most respondents are reducing their inventories and plan to continue
reducing them in the months ahead.
Most firms are operating at high levels of
X-3
these rates unchanged and expect no change in the near future.
Landing
standards were unchanged.
About half of the banks reported increases in deposits last month and
the other half decreases.
Demand deposits were flat at most banks,
while
changes in other deposit categories were mixed.
Agriculture.
The district's winter wheat harvest is nearing completion.
Most parts of the district report normal or above normal yields.
The
district's corn and soybean crops are generally in good condition, and most
farmers expect above normal yields.
A modest rebound in cattle prices has reduced losses in th
cattle industry.
district
The recent losses in district feedlots, however, have had
relatively little impact on district ranchers.
Most ranchers plan to sell
their cattle in the autumn, when prices are expected to be higher.
District lenders report that most cattle feeders have been able to
absorb their recent losses.
forced out of business.
Some small, under-capitalized feeders have been
But most larger feedlots are well capitalized after
several recent years of healthy profits.
Thus, most lenders have experienced
only a slight deterioration in cattle loan portfolios.
ELEVENTH DISTRICT--DALLAS
Economic activity and optimism increased in late June and early July.
Demand growth for manufactured products and business services accelerated.
Retail sales increased, and construction and real estate activity continued to
rise despite modest slowing in the single-family housing market. District
energy activity was still moderate, and there was no indication that domestic
or foreign drilling had been affected by the recent upturn in oil prices. Loan
demand continued to expand, and bankers reported that the industry is very
competitive. Agricultural conditions were favorable despite hot, dry weather.
Manufacturing orders and optimism rose since the last survey. Brick and
glass producers reported stronger demand and higher prices than both last
month and a year ago. Brick and glass contacts were operating at capacity, and
expect to remain busy through the end of the year filling a backlog of orders.
Cement orders for homebuilding slowed, but demand from apartment and highway
builders was up. Commercial and residential construction spurred lumber sales
which slowed last Spring, when contacts said customers were concerned higher
interest rates would curtail home building. Continued residential construction
boosted confidence and encouraged inventory rebuilding. Demand for paper
products increased, and prices were higher. Expanded exports, stimulated by
recent declines in the value of the dollar, pushed up demand for
corrugated
boxes. Demand for semiconductors remained strong, and prices held steady, but
contacts expect growth to slow. Primary and fabricated metal sales have stayed
high, particularly for commercial construction. Metal producers
higher costs pushed up selling prices. Rising orders for apparel
reported that
manufacturing
led to more hiring and higher wages. Apparel contacts were optimistic that
sales would continue to grow. Apparel input costs were higher although several
producers said that they had not raised their selling prices. Garment
finishers said that demand weakened in the last few months. Some contacts
expect most garment finishing to move to Mexico. Sales of food and kindred
products rose. Food manufacturers expressed optimism about future sales, and
XI-2
several firms added employees. Domestic demand for oil field equipment and
services was still strong but foreign demand was weak, except from that of
Canada and Latin America. Contacts reported a shortage of skilled blue collar
workers, particularly machinists. Domestic demand for refined products is
nearly five percent higher than a year ago, and refineries have been running
at utilization rates of 95 percent or higher. Refining margins fell because
prices for oil products had not risen as much oil. Margins also narrowed
because EPA mandates to blend renewable oxygenates into gasoline caused
methanol and MTBE prices to increase sharply. Refinery contacts say that EPA
mandates will reduce demand for gasoline and cause a shake-out in the
industry. Demand for chemicals continued to rise. Producers of ethylene and
propylene reported low inventories and higher prices, but they expect prices
to moderate when additional capacity comes on line this fall.
Business services contacts report slightly greater sales than during the
last beige book survey period. Demand remained strong at temporary firms,
particularly for technical and professional workers, such as accountants,
engineers and programmers. Legal firms said that transactions activity
(mergers, acquisitions and public offerings) was particularly high although
litigation work was softening. Legal contacts said that businesses are using
alternative dispute resolution mechanisms to reduce the expenses of
litigation. Accounting activity increased, particularly international business
dealing with trade between Mexico and the United States. Demand for
transportation services continued to rise, but competition kept prices stable.
District retail sales increased, but sales along the Mexican border were
still sluggish. Home products continued to have the strongest growth, although
apparel sales improved slightly. Selling prices were unchanged, and contacts
do not expect price increases. Auto sales increased in May and June. Dealers
reported that low inventory had begun to affect sales, and prices were rising.
Construction and real estate activity continued to rise despite modest
slowing in the single-family housing market. Homebuilding remained stronger
than a year ago, but contacts said sales of new and existing homes had slowed.
XI-3
Inventories of new homes were still very low, but new and existing home prices
stabilized after large increases earlier in the year. Apartment occupancy
remained high boosting multifamily construction. Leasing and construction of
retail space was reported to be strong. Office construction was almost
nonexistent although demand for existing office space picked up.
District energy activity remained moderate, and there was
an indication
that higher oil prices had affected domestic or foreign drilling. Booming
demand for oil products combined with supply disruptions in Yemen, Brazil and
Nigeria to push oil prices back over $20 per barrel in June. Drilling
increased seasonally and is expected to rise through the end of the year, but
remains slow. Most drilling was still focused on natural gas, and activity in
the Gulf of Mexico remained high. The price of the NYMEX near-month contract
for natural gas has been relatively high, although lower than lastyear, close
to $2 per mcf all summer. The August contract slipped under $2 recently.
Contacts are concerned that high levels of Canadian imports and growing
domestic production, will put downward pressure on natural gas prices. Storage
fields depleted over the winter refilled faster and more easily than expected.
Bankers reported that loan demand was increasing, but they said they
would like to extend more loans. Some also said that intense competition was
limiting their ability to lend because it encourages lower rates and looser
credit standards than they desire. Large banks are reported to be particularly
active in lending. Respondents noted an increase in mergers of smaller banks,
and suspected that cost reduction was one motivation.
Agricultural conditions were favorable despite hot, dry weather. Crop
progress was ahead of last year, and crop conditions were mostly good.
Livestock remained in fair to good condition as supplemental feeding
increased. Heat and insufficient moisture lowered yield estimates and stressed
range conditions in some areas. Prices for beef cattle, calves and hogs
continued to fall causing the June Livestock and Livestock Products Index to
drop 13 percent below a year ago. All June commodity prices were higher than a
year ago, except potatoes, pushing the All Crops Price Index up 14.9 percent.
XII-1
TWELFTH DISTRICT - SAN FRANCISCO
Summary
Economic conditions in California continue to be sluggish, while conditions in most
other parts of the Twelfth District remain strong. Business leaders outside Ca fornia still are
optimistic about economic prospects, while those in California are less upbeat. Retail sales
reports are generally good. Tourism activity this summer has been strong in many parts of
the District. Manufacturing activity remains mixed. Oil prices have rebounded, but
exploration activity remains weak. Construction and real estate activity remain strong
outside of California, while the level of construction activity in California is higher than a
year ago but down from the first quarter. Lending activity is growing in most parts of the
District, including some improvement in California.
Business Sentiment
Twelfth District business leaders generally remain optimistic. About three-fifths of
respondents expect national growth to exceed 2 1/2 percent during the next four quarters.
Growth expectations continue to be strongest among residents in the intermountain states and
Arizona, while more than half of California respondents expect the national economy to grow
only slowly during the next twelve months. Almost two-thirds of respondents now expect
the trade balance to improve during the next four quarters, up from about half in February.
Retail Trade and Services
Retail and service industry conditions generally are strong in most part of the
District. In California, retail sales have strengthened modestly, and prices for consumer
nondurable goods show little increase. Automobile sales are reported up in Southern
XII-2
California. In the intermountain states, retail sales are generally strong. Food stores in
Arizona, Idaho, and Utah report that sales are up from a year ago, and they are having
trouble finding enough entry-level workers to fill the available slots. In Utah, machinery
sales are reported strong, but retail inventories are rising as consumer deman has been
inconsistent. In Idaho, new car and truck sales were below expectations in June.
Summer tourism is reported strong in most parts of the District, although the number
of visitors is well below last year's level at some national parks in the West. Hotel
occupancies are at record levels in Salt Lake City, and at strong levels in Las Vegas and in
many coastal and mountain areas of California.
In Reno, Nevada, airport passenger traffic
has reached record levels. The depreciation of the dollar is expected to boost tourism from
Japan and Germany. In fact, the visitor count in Hawaii has risen from its earlier low level,
due in part to the higher value of the yen. However, the lower value of the Canadian dollar
may reduce the number of "snow geese" traveling south this winter.
Manufacturing
Twelfth District manufacturing activity remains mixed. Aerospace employment is
down more than 10 percent from a year earlier in both California and Washington.
An
electronics manufacturer reports strong growth, with capacity constraints in some areas. A
paint manufacturer reports raw materials price increases of 3 to 5 percent. The decline of
the dollar against the yen has boosted exports of scientific instruments from Arizona.
Agriculture and Resource-Related Industries
Agricultural conditions generally are solid, with substantial variation among products.
Agricultural exports still are strong, and the falling dollar is expected to help boost exports to
XI -3
Japan even more. In California, almond prices are relatively strong because of low
carryover stocks from last season. Oregon food processors report low inventories and high
prices for vegetables. High production of many fruit crops in California has pushed prices
lower. Low beef prices continue to cause large losses for many ranchers.
Oil prices have rebounded, helping producers in Alaska and California's Central
Valley. Prices still are too low to spur increased exploration activity, however. In the
Pacific Northwest, wood products orders are reported to have improved. Lumber prices
remain low, down 30 percent from three months ago, while pulp and linerboard prices are
up.
Real Estate and Construction
Real estate markets generally are strong, but weakness still is reported in many parts
of California. Home values and building activity continue to rise in Utah. Home prices also
are reported to be rising strongly in Phoenix, Las Vegas, Reno, and parts of Oregon. In
California, home price changes vary considerably among local areas, with little overall trend
either up or down. Market conditions are keeping downward pressure on office rents in San
Francisco.
Construction activity remains strong in much of the District outside of California. In
California, both home-building and nonresidential construction activity are above year-earlier
levels, but construction activity has slowed since the first three months of 1994. Elsewhere
in the District, reports of shortages of skilled construction workers and rising building
materials prices are becoming more frequent. In Oregon, materials prices are reported up 10
to 15 percent. Skilled labor shortages in Utah have increased building delays.
XII-4
Financial Institutions
Banks in most parts of the District report that lending activity is growing. Loan
growth is reported strong in Oregon and Idaho. In California, loan demand is reported to be
showing slow broad improvement; demand is strongest for commercial and industrial loans
and home mortgages, while consumer lending remains weak.
Cite this document
Federal Reserve (1994, August 15). Beige Book. Beige Book, Federal Reserve. https://whenthefedspeaks.com/doc/beige_book_19940816
@misc{wtfs_beige_book_19940816,
author = {Federal Reserve},
title = {Beige Book},
year = {1994},
month = {Aug},
howpublished = {Beige Book, Federal Reserve},
url = {https://whenthefedspeaks.com/doc/beige_book_19940816},
note = {Retrieved via When the Fed Speaks corpus}
}