Beige Book
For use at 2:00 PM EDT
Wednesday
April 20, 2022
The Beige Book
Summary of Commentary on Current Economic Conditions
By Federal Reserve District
April 2022
Federal Reserve Districts
Minneapolis
Boston
New York
Chicago
Cleveland
Philadelphia
San Francisco
Kansas City
Dallas
Alaska and Hawaii
are part of the
San Francisco District.
St. Louis
Richmond
Atlanta
The System serves commonwealths and territories as follows: the New York Bank serves the
Commonwealth of Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands; the San Francisco Bank serves
American Samoa, Guam, and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands.
This report was prepared at the Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis based on information collected
on or before April 11, 2022. This document summarizes comments received from contacts outside the
Federal Reserve System and is not a commentary on the views of Federal Reserve officials.
National Summary
Boston
1
A-1
The Beige Book is a Federal Reserve System publication about current
economic conditions across the 12 Federal Reserve Districts. It characterizes regional economic conditions and prospects based on a variety
of mostly qualitative information, gathered directly from each District’s
sources. Reports are published eight times per year.
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What is the purpose of the Beige Book?
First District
New York
Second District
Philadelphia
C-1
Third District
Cleveland
D-1
Fourth District
Richmond
E-1
Fifth District
Atlanta
F-1
Sixth District
Chicago
G-1
Seventh District
St. Louis
H-1
Eighth District
Minneapolis
I-1
Ninth District
Kansas City
J-1
Tenth District
Dallas
K-1
Eleventh District
San Francisco
Twelfth District
What is the Beige Book?
L-1
The Beige Book is intended to characterize the change in economic
conditions since the last report. Outreach for the Beige Book is one of
many ways the Federal Reserve System engages with businesses and
other organizations about economic developments in their communities. Because this information is collected from a wide range of contacts through a variety of formal and informal methods, the Beige Book
can complement other forms of regional information gathering. The
Beige Book is not a commentary on the views of Federal Reserve
officials.
How is the information collected?
Each Federal Reserve Bank gathers information on current economic
conditions in its District through reports from Bank and Branch directors, plus interviews and online questionnaires completed by businesses, community organizations, economists, market experts, and other
sources. Contacts are not selected at random; rather, Banks strive to
curate a diverse set of sources that can provide accurate and objective
information about a broad range of economic activities. The Beige
Book serves as a regular summary of this information for the public.
How is the information used?
The information from contacts supplements the data and analysis used
by Federal Reserve economists and staff to assess economic conditions in the Federal Reserve Districts. The qualitative nature of the
Beige Book creates an opportunity to characterize dynamics and identify emerging trends in the economy that may not be readily apparent in
the available economic data. This information enables comparison of
economic conditions in different parts of the country, which can be
helpful for assessing the outlook for the national economy.
The Beige Book does not have the type of information I’m looking
for. What other information is available?
The Federal Reserve System conducts a wide array of recurring surveys of businesses, households, and community organizations. A list of
statistical releases compiled by the Federal Reserve Board is available
here, links to each of the Federal Reserve Banks are available here,
and a summary of the System’s community outreach is available here.
In addition, Fed Listens events have been held around the country to
hear about how monetary policy affects peoples’ daily lives and livelihoods. The System also relies on a variety of advisory councils—
whose members are drawn from a wide array of businesses, non-profit
organizations, and community groups—to hear diverse perspectives on
the economy in carrying out its responsibilities.
National Summary
The Beige Book ■ April 2022
Overall Economic Activity
Economic activity expanded at a moderate pace since mid-February. Several Districts reported moderate employment
gains despite hiring and retention challenges in the labor market. Consumer spending accelerated among retail and
non-financial service firms, as COVID-19 cases tapered across the country. Manufacturing activity was solid overall
across most Districts, but supply chain backlogs, labor market tightness, and elevated input costs continued to pose
challenges on firms’ abilities to meet demand. Vehicle sales remained largely constrained by low inventories. Commercial real estate activity accelerated modestly as office occupancy and retail activity increased. Districts’ contacts reported continued strong demand for residential real estate but limited supply. Agricultural conditions were mixed across
regions. Farmers were supported by surging crop prices, but drought conditions were a challenge in some Districts and
increasing input costs were squeezing producer margins across the nation. Outlooks for future growth were clouded by
the uncertainty created by recent geopolitical developments and rising prices.
Labor Markets
Employment increased at a moderate pace. Demand for workers continued to be strong across most Districts and industry sectors. But hiring was held back by the overall lack of available workers, though several Districts reported signs
of modest improvement in worker availability. Many firms reported significant turnover as workers left for higher wages
and more flexible job schedules. Persistent labor demand continued to fuel strong wage growth, particularly for footloose workers willing to change jobs. Firms reported that inflationary pressures were also contributing to higher wages,
and that higher wages were doing little to alleviate widespread job vacancies. But some contacts reported early signs
that the strong pace of wage growth had begun to slow.
Prices
Inflationary pressures remained strong since the last report, with firms continuing to pass swiftly rising input costs
through to customers. Contacts across Districts, particularly those in manufacturing, noted steep increases in raw materials, transportation, and labor costs. In multiple Districts, contacts reported spikes in prices for energy, metals, and
agricultural commodities following the Russian invasion of Ukraine, and several noted that COVID-19 lockdowns in
China had worsened supply chain disruptions. A few reports noted that input suppliers were making use of more flexible contract terms or only honoring price quotes for 24 hours. Strong demand generally allowed firms to pass through
input cost increases to customers, for example, via fuel surcharges for freight and airline fares. However, contacts in a
few Districts noted negative sales impacts from rising prices. Firms in most Districts expected inflationary pressures to
continue over the coming months.
Highlights by Federal Reserve District
Boston
New York
Economic activity expanded at a modest pace on average. Headcounts increased modestly despite significant
layoffs by one large firm. Wages and output prices alike
increased at a moderate pace, but some nonlabor input
prices soared. The outlook remained optimistic, but
several contacts perceived an increase in downside
risks.
Growth picked up to a moderate pace in recent weeks,
despite supply disruptions, worker shortages, and unseasonably inclement weather. Tourism, consumer
spending, and manufacturing activity all picked up. Businesses continued to report substantial increases in selling prices, input prices, and wages. Overall, business
contacts have become less optimistic about the nearterm outlook.
1
National Summary
Philadelphia
St. Louis
Business activity continued to grow modestly during the
current Beige Book period, and some sectors remained
below pre-pandemic levels. Customer traffic resumed
and workers began returning to offices, as the lull in
COVID-19 cases continued. The labor market remained
tight with moderate growth, while wages eased to a
moderate pace and prices grew sharply.
Economic conditions have improved at a moderate pace
since our previous report. Prices for food and raw materials increased at a robust pace. The pace of hiring rose
slightly, but labor shortages continued to limit output and
wage growth remained strong. Consumer spending on
services rose, but some softening in retail spending
pointed to a mixed outlook moving forward.
Cleveland
Minneapolis
The District’s economy expanded at a moderate pace
despite ongoing supply and labor constraints. The war in
Ukraine had little meaningful impact on current demand
for goods and services, but it added another layer of
complexity to supply chains. However, contacts said that
the war had significantly increased uncertainty and put
further upward pressure on costs, particularly for energy,
metals, and agricultural commodities.
The region’s economy grew moderately since midFebruary. Despite continued price pressures, overall demand in most sectors remained healthy. Meeting that demand, however, was checked by tight labor, supply
chain difficulties, and other challenges. Firms expressed
rising interest in automation to address persistent pressures on wages and labor availability. Startup loans to
Minority- and women-owned business enterprises in
rural areas were on the rise.
Richmond
The regional economy expanded moderately, but some
businesses were concerned that rising energy prices and
the war in Ukraine could have adverse effects on business conditions in coming weeks and months. Many
Fifth District businesses reported increasing employment
and that rising costs of labor, materials, transportation
and energy contributed to strong price growth in recent
weeks.
Kansas City
Atlanta
Dallas
Economic activity expanded at a moderate pace. Labor
markets remained tight, and wages continued rising.
Nonlabor costs rose. Retail sales were strong. Tourism
activity strengthened. Housing demand was strong.
Commercial real estate conditions were mixed. Manufacturing activity was robust. Banking conditions were
steady.
Economic activity expanded at a faster clip. Growth was
broad-based across sectors, but many firms noted supply-chain disruptions as a primary constraint on revenues. Employment and wages rose robustly. Supplychain issues and energy prices continued to drive up
costs. Optimism in outlooks waned, and uncertainty increased because of mounting headwinds.
Chicago
San Francisco
Economic activity increased moderately. Employment increased strongly, and consumer spending, business
spending, manufacturing, and construction and real
estate were up modestly. Wages and prices rose rapidly,
while financial conditions tightened some. Agriculture
markets experienced price increases and substantial
volatility related to Russia’s invasion of Ukraine.
Economic activity strengthened moderately over the reporting period. Employment levels expanded while overall conditions in the labor market remained tight. Wages
and price levels significantly increased. Retail sales and
consumer and business services sector activity continued to expand, while the agriculture and resource sectors strengthened a bit. Lending activity was little
changed.
Growth in the Tenth District accelerated to a robust
pace. Prices increased rapidly and contacts reported
changing prices much more frequently than is typical.
Labor markets tightened further. The invasion of Ukraine
disrupted supply chains and caused input prices to rise,
but District businesses reported no effects on demand,
hiring or planned capital expenditures.
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Federal Reserve Bank of
Boston
The Beige Book ■ April 2022
Summary of Economic Activity
Economic activity expanded at a modest pace on average. Hiring remained difficult for most firms but eased for some,
resulting in small employment gains. Wages increased at a moderate pace on average, but some firms offered robust
pay increases. Output prices increased moderately amid intense cost pressures. Manufacturers reported softer sales,
while retailers saw slightly higher sales. Tourism contacts enjoyed small gains in activity on average, and saw signs
suggesting demand would accelerate in the coming months. Software and IT services firms posted moderate revenue
growth and had generally robust demand. Home sales slid further amid historically low inventories. Commercial real
estate activity increased at a slow pace as the office and retail sectors gained further momentum. The overall outlook
remained optimistic on balance, but several contacts perceived an increase in downside risks.
extreme inflationary pressures across a variety of inputs,
including food commodities, fuel, freight, metals, and
paper. One held prices steady despite these pressures,
as they feared that further price increases, on top of the
substantial markups they enacted in 2021, would drive
away customers. Two others raised prices on some or all
outputs, by modest-to-strong margins, to cover specific
cost increases. One firm lowered prices following weak
sales. Retailers experienced somewhat slower input
price inflation and held prices steady, although one
planned to post moderate price increases later in the
year. The war in Ukraine injected greater uncertainty
into the inflation outlook among some contacts.
Labor Markets
Wages increased at a moderate pace on average, hiring
activity was mixed, and headcounts increased modestly
despite significant layoffs by one large firm. Most contacted firms in diverse sectors continued to face difficulties in hiring and/or retaining workers, but some experienced an easing of labor shortages in recent months.
Moderate to robust wage increases were reported by the
majority of firms contacted, but some manufacturers said
wages were stable in recent months. One retailer increased its wage floor further following a similar increase
posted in Q4 2021, and two firms quoted their starting
pay for warehouse workers as having risen to roughly
$18 per hour. Retention bonuses and non-wage incentives also increased. Regarding the outlook, software
and IT services firms expected to either maintain or
moderately raise employment levels moving forward,
retail and tourism contacts hoped to raise staffing levels
by modest to robust margins, and manufacturers’ hiring
plans were mixed but positive on balance. Some firms
expected upward wage pressures to persist, while others
saw the possibility of slower wage growth ahead.
Retail and Tourism
First District retailers reported stable to modestly higher
sales in the first months of 2022. At a clothing retailer,
recent sales either matched or exceeded their year-ago
levels, which had been among the store’s strongest on
record. A furniture seller saw a modest uptick in sales
since mid-February following a slow start to the year,
thanks to improved supply chains and increased foot
traffic. Tourism contacts reported mixed recent results
but expected the recovery to pre-pandemic activity levels
to accelerate moving forward. Airline passenger traffic
through Boston rose at a fairly brisk pace in recent
months, and as of March 2022 had reached 80 percent
of its March 2019 level. Advance bookings for April
showed moderate further gains, and improvements were
Prices
Output prices increased moderately amid robust ongoing
cost pressures. Two software and IT contacts marked up
their prices significantly and were either planning on or
considering further price increases moving forward; other
IT firms held prices firm, but one was mulling selective
increases. Manufacturing contacts faced robust-to-
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Federal Reserve Bank of Boston
seen in all types of travel. Greater Boston hotel occupancy rates and room rates were moderately lower in February compared with November 2021 from a combination
of seasonal and pandemic-related factors, but both rates
remained well above those from one year earlier. Retail
and tourism contacts expressed an optimistic outlook for
the rest of 2022, as the resumption of long-dormant
convention activity in Boston—already apparent in
March—was expected to give renewed energy to the
sectors.
further momentum. The industrial property sector continued to see very strong leasing and investment demand,
driven by e-commerce users. Industrial space remained
very tight, spurring robust increases in planned development. Office leasing activity increased further, especially
in suburban locations. A Boston contact said that urban
tenants were seeking short-term leases given their uncertain space needs, and that landlords were competing
with space upgrades more than with rent reductions. The
same contact, however, said that real estate professionals in the Boston area were forecasting declines in office
rents in the next year. Multifamily housing saw robust
investment demand and construction activity, as low
vacancy rates contributed to steep rent growth. Retail
leasing improved on balance, surprising some contacts,
but the number of vacant storefronts remained elevated.
Despite some optimism for the next few months, the
outlook turned more pessimistic and uncertain, as contacts saw risks to activity from rising construction costs
and interest rates, the war in Ukraine, and a possible
recession.
Manufacturing and Related Services
Among firms contacted this round, sales softened on
average despite mixed demand conditions. A biotechnology firm and a precision parts maker each suffered
idiosyncratic (negative) shocks to demand, resulting in
flat or lower sales for the quarter and steep revenue
declines from one year ago. A frozen fish producer and a
packaging maker both said that, despite very robust
demand, sales fell from last quarter owing in part to
supply chain issues. A furniture producer saw a moderate increase in sales in the first quarter but noted that
sales growth was held back by supply chain delays and
labor shortages. Contacts experiencing strong demand
wanted to invest in new capacity but said that supply
chain issues limited their ability to do so. With the exception of the biotechnology firm, contacts were generally
optimistic. Nonetheless, material and labor shortages
remained a risk for some, and others faced increased
uncertainty tied to government spending and sanctions
on Russia.
Residential Real Estate
Residential real estate sales slowed moderately in February, as the market was dogged by historically low
inventories. Closed sales were down over the year (to
February) for both single-family homes and condominiums in all states except Connecticut, which did not supply data. Year-on-year sales declines were somewhat
steeper than those recorded in late 2021. Contacts attributed the weak results to a stark lack of inventories, as
listings again posted year-over-year declines and
reached record lows (since 1998) in Rhode Island and in
the Boston area. Buyer demand remained strong, however, as properties spent very little time on the market
and competition for lower-priced homes was especially
fierce. Median sales prices continued to climb at a moderate to very fast annual pace, similar to the results
recorded in late 2021, with the exception that Maine’s
condo prices fell. Contacts expected inventories and
sales to increase in the coming months in line with typical seasonal patterns and due to the further easing of
pandemic-related restrictions. Contacts noted that buyers wished to purchase homes ahead of further mortgage rate and price increases.■
Software and IT Services
Software and IT contacts experienced moderately higher
demand recently, and revenues increased by robust
margins year-over-year. One firm experienced a recent
surge in hiring, compensating for previous staffing challenges, while others said that hiring and retention remained quite difficult. All firms made at least selective
wage increases, and wage growth accelerated to a
robust pace at two firms. Wage pressures crimped margins at one firm, but others enjoyed stable or higher
margins following recent price increases and/or costcutting measures. Capital and technology spending was
steady or up slightly. Demand outlooks were generally
optimistic, but uncertainty increased. The RussiaUkraine war worried two contacts, but so far neither firm
has been significantly impacted by the conflict. Other
risks mentioned included supply chain issues, inflation,
and the emergence of a new COVID-19 variant.
Commercial Real Estate
For more information about District economic conditions visit:
www.bostonfed.org/regional‐economy
Commercial real estate activity increased at a modest
pace on average as the office and retail sectors gained
A-2
Federal Reserve Bank of
New York
The Beige Book ■ April 2022
Summary of Economic Activity
Economic growth in the Second District picked up to a moderate pace in recent weeks. Businesses continued to report
substantial escalation in selling prices, input prices, and wages, and many noted difficulties obtaining necessary supplies. The job market has remained exceptionally tight, with businesses continuing to add staff amidst high turnover.
Consumer spending picked up somewhat in recent weeks, though auto dealers noted that ongoing shortages of vehicles continued to restrain sales. There was also a pickup in tourism and manufacturing activity. The home sales and
rental markets strengthened further in March, while commercial real estate markets were steady to stronger. Commercial construction activity remained depressed, while multifamily residential construction continued at a moderate pace.
Regional banks reported a decline in household delinquency rates. With growing concern about supply disruptions,
worker shortages, and the war in Ukraine, business contacts across the District—especially those in manufacturing,
distribution, and construction—have become less optimistic about the near-term outlook.
Labor Markets
cited to be high and increasing. Contacts in all major
industry sectors expect input prices to rise further in the
months ahead.
Despite ongoing worker shortages, businesses continued
to report moderate job growth. Staffing agencies have
seen an ongoing abundance of job openings across a
wide range of industries and occupations. Business
contacts have noted particularly severe shortages of
truck drivers, construction workers, IT staff, and human
resource professionals. Restaurants have had trouble
maintaining adequate staff. Some businesses say they
have grown less picky about required qualifications for
open jobs and have become more flexible about remote
work arrangements. Businesses in most major industries
expect to expand their workforces in the months ahead.
A large and growing proportion of businesses report that
they have raised selling prices, most notably in the manufacturing, wholesale & retail trade, transportation, and
construction sectors. Some businesses have reportedly
grown more optimistic about their business prospects
after raising prices and seeing them stick. One retail
chain noted that it has been able to raise prices on fashion merchandise but less so on more everyday offerings.
A large and growing share of businesses plan to increase their selling prices in the months ahead.
Contacts in all sectors continued to indicate that they
were raising wages and anticipated further increases in
the months ahead. Some contacts observed that workers
in high-demand occupations have seen outsized pay
increases when changing jobs. With increasing focus on
worker retention, some businesses noted that they have
raised wages by 20 percent or more over the past year.
Consumer Spending
Consumer spending picked up somewhat in March. Nonauto retailers generally reported stronger sales, though
some contacts noted that inflation has eroded consumers’ spending power, dampening demand. In New York
City, weak international tourism and harsh winter weather have limited sales growth. Supply disruptions have
reportedly prompted many retailers to order merchandise
further in advance. Consumer confidence among New
York State residents rose briskly in March and was
roughly on par with pre-pandemic levels.
Prices
Most business contacts noted ongoing escalation in input
prices for a wide range of supplies. In particular, costs for
both energy and freight (ground and ocean) were widely
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Federal Reserve Bank of New York
New vehicle sales remained sluggish in February and
March, still restrained by a dearth of inventory, as the
microchip shortage has limited production and kept
inventories low. Almost all new cars delivered to dealers
have been pre-sold 6-8 weeks in advance. Sales of used
vehicles were steady, while prices appear to have plateaued.
continued to drive up prices and spur bidding wars.
Throughout the New York City area, resale volume has
been increasingly robust, and prices have trended up
briskly; inventories are very low, except in Manhattan,
where they are still elevated but declining.
Residential rents across the District have trended up briskly. New York City’s residential rental market has continued
to tighten, as vacancy rates have declined to pre-pandemic
levels. Rents have fully rebounded to at or above prepandemic levels across most of the city, with greater escalation at the high end of the market. An industry expert
noted that rental concessions have become less common
across the city and estimates that bidding wars are occurring on about one in five new leases. Both industry contacts and community organizations have been expressing
concern about the availability and affordability of housing.
Manufacturing and Distribution
Manufacturing activity picked up in March, following a
winter slump, while activity in the wholesale, transportation, and warehousing sectors continued to expand at a
solid clip. However, a number of manufacturers reported
that the combination of the Ukraine war, sanctions on
Russia, shutdowns in China, and a severe shortage of
trucks and trucking services have impeded some key
supply channels. Businesses in these sectors have
grown less sanguine about the near-term outlook.
Commercial real estate markets were steady to stronger,
on balance. Office markets across the District were essentially unchanged, with vacancy and availability rates steady
and rents flat to up modestly. One New York City contact
noted that many companies are sub-leasing excess space.
The industrial market, however, has continued to strengthen, with vacancy rates steady at low levels, and rents
continuing to trend up strongly. In contrast, the market for
retail space has remained weak.
Services
Activity in the service sector has been steady to stronger
in recent weeks. Education & health providers and information firms reported little change in activity, while professional & business service firms indicated a modest
pickup in conditions. Notably, leisure & hospitality and
related businesses noted a substantial pickup in business, following an Omicron-related slump during the
winter months.
Construction activity remained sluggish overall, with activity reportedly hampered by unseasonably harsh winter
weather, escalating construction costs, and shortages of
both materials and workers. Non-residential construction
starts remained particularly sluggish, with little new activity
outside the industrial and warehouse segment. Multi-family
residential starts have been steady at a modest level,
though there continues to be a good deal of development
in the pipeline. Looking ahead, construction sector contacts have become less optimistic about the general outlook, citing widespread shortages.
With COVID cases subsiding in New York City and restrictions being eased, tourism has picked up noticeably
in recent weeks. Hotel occupancy rates have increased,
even as average daily room rates continued to rebound.
Moreover, most hotels have reopened citywide, with the
number of rooms in inventory now down less than 3
percent from before the pandemic. Domestic visits to
New York City have rebounded to about 90 percent of
normal levels, while tourism from abroad has only recovered to about 65 percent. Museums have been increasingly busy in recent weeks, and Broadway theater attendance has rebounded to about 15 percent below
normal, with performances occasionally disrupted by
COVID. Finally, attendance at trade shows has been
growing, and recent events, like Comicon, have seen
great turnout.
Banking and Finance
Contacts in the broad finance sector reported little change
in activity but remained fairly optimistic about the outlook.
Small to medium-sized banks in the District reported little
change in overall loan demand—lower for consumer loans
and residential mortgages but higher for commercial mortgages. Credit standards were largely unchanged, while
loan spreads widened somewhat. Finally, bankers reported
lower delinquency rates on consumer loans and residential
mortgages but no change on other types of loans. ■
Real Estate and Construction
Home sales and rental markets have continued to
strengthen since the last report, though a low inventory
of available homes has restrained sales transactions in
parts of the District. Real estate contacts in upstate New
York noted that a dearth of homes listed for sale has
For more information about District economic conditions visit:
www.newyorkfed.org/regional‐economy
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Federal Reserve Bank of
Philadelphia
The Beige Book ■ April 2022
Summary of Economic Activity
On balance, business activity in the Third District continued to grow modestly in the current Beige Book period. Activity
in a few sectors had not yet returned to pre-pandemic levels. Since the prior Beige Book, the rate of COVID-19 cases
has remained relatively low, although a rising wave in the Northeast has been nearing the Third District – county by
county. The rate of all persons being fully vaccinated edged up to 71 percent. Employment grew moderately as more job
candidates began to apply, although the labor market churned further as workers continued to shift jobs and sectors.
Wage growth continued to challenge most firms, but the pace of growth appears to have eased somewhat. Prices rose
sharply again and remained a key concern for most employers – propelled by rising energy prices and by ongoing supply chain disruptions for manufacturers. On net, expectations for continued economic growth over the next six months
fell somewhat for nonmanufacturers and are near their nonrecessionary historical average for all firms.
Labor Markets
growth has slowed. Still, the prevailing wage growth was
sufficient to drive one small local coffee shop out of
business when its workers shifted to a nearby chain
coffee shop.
Employment grew moderately – a stronger pace than in
the prior period. However, a few firms noted that they are
reevaluating their employment level and may be ready
for some attrition to reduce staff size. The share of firms
reporting employment increases rose to near one-third of
the nonmanufacturing firms and rose to over two-fifths
among the manufacturers. Overall, about one-fourth of
the firms reported a rise in average hours worked; a few
reported a decline.
Prices
On balance, strong price increases were evident
throughout most of the supply chain, from manufacturing
costs of production to those costs of nonmanufacturers.
However, prices paid and received by nonmanufacturers
rose for fewer firms than during the prior period.
Staffing firms as well as many employers noted that
more job candidates were applying; however, on-the-job
training was required more often, and retention remained
a challenge. Contacts noted that many workers have
switched fields, which has resulted in more training and
more mismatches, followed by more churn in the labor
market.
The share of manufacturers reporting higher prices for
factor inputs increased to 87 percent, while the share
receiving higher prices for their own products edged up
to 57 percent. The share of nonmanufacturers reporting
higher prices for their inputs edged down to 67 percent,
while the share receiving higher prices from consumers
for their own goods and services fell to 37 percent.
Although wages continued to rise broadly, the wage rate
appears to have risen moderately – somewhat less than
the strong growth in the prior period. In our monthly
surveys, the share of nonmanufacturing firms reporting
higher wage and benefit costs per employee edged up to
56 percent in March from 54 percent in February. Virtually no firms reported lower compensation, as has been
true in most recent months. However, many firms, including staffing firms, reported that the pace of wage
Contacts most often cited the supply chain, followed by
the labor supply, as their current key challenges, with the
labor market easing for most firms and the supply chain
easing for nonmanufacturers. Over the next quarter,
most expect energy markets, followed by the supply
chain, to represent the biggest constraints.
Nonmanufacturers tended to note that supply chain
issues were easing, while some manufacturers noted
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Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia
further disruptions for specific commodities because of
the Russian invasion of Ukraine and ongoing production
shutdowns in China.
Commercial real estate lending grew modestly, but home
equity lines and other consumer loans fell modestly. A
mortgage services contact noted that rising interest rates
had dampened mortgage originations and precluded
most home equity lending. Credit card volumes also
grew moderately. Typically, credit card volumes fall
during this season of the year.
About three-fourths of the manufacturers expect to pay
higher prices for their factor inputs over the next six
months. Nearly as many expect the prices they receive
to increase as well.
Bankers, accountants, and attorneys noted that ongoing
uncertainty and weariness stemming from inflation,
COVID-19, and the war in Ukraine have created mental
health issues for some households and small business
owners. One attorney noted that foreclosures on residential mortgages rose following the end of the moratorium and that a further increase is expected. Another
attorney noted that a credit counseling client was struggling to get out of bed. An accountant noted that one
client was “completely absent from his business” because of the stress from uncertainty.
Manufacturing
On average, manufacturing activity continued to grow
modestly. Overall, the share of firms reporting increases
in shipments and new orders edged higher than in the
prior period. Backlogs continued to rise, and delivery
times continued to lengthen.
Consumer Spending
Retailers (nonauto) and restaurateurs continued to report
modest sales growth. Customer traffic patterns began
normalizing as the Omicron surge eased, but contacts
also noted the first hints of tighter wallets in response to
fuel price increases.
Real Estate and Construction
Most homebuilders reported that demand for new homes
held steady; however, as costs rise, many customers are
shifting toward smaller, less pricey homes. Demand for
new rental units remains strong. Following the year-end
surge in building permits ahead of the phaseout of a
popular 10-year property tax abatement in Philadelphia,
permits fell sharply below the norm as this year began.
Ongoing disruptions to the production and delivery of
microchips and other key components continued to limit
the availability and sales of new cars. While March sales
levels improved slightly over February’s, the two-month
average remained well below the levels for the same two
months in 2021 and also 2019.
Existing home sales held steady at high levels. Demand
continued to outstrip new listings, and quick sales continued to churn the market – lifting average closing prices
to levels at or above average asking prices. Contacts
noted that some potential buyers are searching for more
affordable housing options in more remote locations and
in mobile home parks, or by remaining in rental properties.
Tourism resumed a modest pace of growth, as the Omicron surge dissipated and travelers rebooked business
travel, group events, and some leisure travel. Contacts
anticipate that domestic leisure travel will stay strong
through the summer but that stays may be shortened
and spending curtailed at destinations as prices of fuel,
food, and rooms rise.
Nonfinancial Services
Construction activity and leasing activity continued at
high levels for industrial/warehouse space, multifamily
housing, and institutional projects. Contacts continued to
describe concern for the office market. While workers
were finally returning to offices, the extent to which firms
and workers embrace full in-person, full remote, or hybrid work schedules remained unclear. Several contacts
reported the emergence of new specialty stores in the
retail sector, which had been dormant through most of
the pandemic. ■
On balance, nonmanufacturing activity grew modestly –
an improvement from the slight growth in the prior period. Overall, the share of firms reporting increases in
sales held steady just below half, while the share reporting increases in new orders rose to two-fifths. Moreover,
the share of firms reporting decreases in sales and in
new orders continued to subside.
Financial Services
The volume of bank lending (excluding credit cards)
grew moderately during the period (not seasonally adjusted); by comparison, loan volumes grew at a more
modest pace during the same period in 2019. Inflation is
contributing to some of this growth.
For more information about District economic conditions visit:
www.philadelphiafed.org/regional-economy
Loan volumes grew moderately for home mortgages,
auto lending, and commercial and industrial lending.
C-2
Federal Reserve Bank of
Cleveland
The Beige Book ■ April 2022
Summary of Economic Activity
Business activity in the Fourth District continued to increase at a modest pace in recent weeks. While demand was
generally positive, crosscurrents under the surface were buffeting firms within and across sectors. For example, some
consumer-facing contacts reported that spending picked up as concerns over the latest COVID-19 wave subsided, while
others noted that spending slowed as consumers became more concerned about rising prices. Meanwhile, lenders
reported that higher interest rates pulled forward demand for new mortgage originations while simultaneously curbing
refinance activity. For both service providers and goods producers, labor constraints and supply disruptions still hampered their ability to meet strong demand. The war in Ukraine had not yet had a meaningfully adverse impact on current
demand for goods or services or on firms’ near-term expectations for demand. However, contacts suggested that the
war had added another layer of complexity to supply chain challenges and heightened uncertainty for demand in the
longer term. In addition, the conflict put further upward pressure on input costs, particularly for energy, metals, and
agricultural commodities.
Labor Markets
Prices
Employment continued to increase moderately in recent
weeks, even as firms struggled to find and retain qualified employees. Nearly half of contacts indicated that
they had increased staffing over the prior two months,
with an almost equal share reporting that staffing levels
were unchanged. While a few f irms reported more success in hiring, many were operating with more vacancies
than they would like. Several contacts that were able to
add staff suggested that they were hiring workers who
were leaving other jobs to seek better opportunities
rather than workers who were new to the labor force or
returning to it. Looking forward, firms plan to add more
workers in the near term; but with limited improvement in
worker availability, many contacts have pushed back
their timelines for meaningful relief from labor shortages.
After declining during the prior two reporting periods, the
percentage of firms reporting higher input costs increased. Several contacts in manufacturing and construction cited the war in Ukraine as a factor in this reversal of trend. For goods producers, the war had pushed
costs higher for a variety of inputs, most notably metals
and energy. Moreover, many noted that f uel surcharges
had increased, as well. These fuel surcharges were also
cited by retailers and restaurateurs, who suggested that
their vendors were passing through these cost increases. Outside of the effects of the war, firms said that
previously existing supply chain constraints kept upward
pressure on a broad array of inputs. Looking forward,
more than 80 percent of contacts expected nonlabor
input costs to continue rising in the months ahead.
Wages continued to rise across a wide array of industries and occupations, but the share of contacts reporting
such increases has declined from around 70 percent
toward the end of 2021 to less than 60 percent in recent
weeks. With firms still competing for many currently
employed workers, many f irms expected pay rates to
rise further in 2022. However, some f irms said that prior
pay hikes had not led to improvements in hiring or retention rates, and they could not afford to increase pay
further.
Selling prices continued to increase as firms sought to
keep up with rising costs. Firms that sell to other firms
reported using more surcharges and flexible contract
language to keep up with volatility in costs, with little
pushback f rom their customers. Similarly, goods retailers
indicated that they were pushing through price increases
to cover the higher costs of inputs and transportation. At
the same time, some restaurants said that higher menu
prices had led to f ewer customers and lower sales.
D-1
Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland
ments anticipated for office spaces. Nonresidential construction contacts reported strong demand for new construction, though they noted signif icant challenges
around increasing costs and materials shortages (which
in many cases have delayed project starts). Overall,
contacts were optimistic that demand would remain
strong, though they noted increased uncertainty because
of the war in Ukraine that is expected to further exacerbate supply shortages and cost increases.
Consumer Spending
Reports suggested that consumer spending improved
somewhat following weaker activity in the previous reporting period. Restaurateurs and hoteliers reported a
pickup in activity in recent weeks as weather conditions
improved and COVID-19 cases dropped, though some
hospitality contacts said that inflationary pressures were
causing some customers to hold back on spending.
General merchandisers and apparel retailers said that
demand for goods remained strong, though one general
merchandiser said that sales softened in recent weeks.
Auto dealers reported limited sales despite generally
elevated demand as tight inventories and higher prices
deterred buyers. Contacts were generally optimistic that
nonauto consumer spending on goods and services
would pick up in the coming weeks, though two contacts
said that the ongoing conflict in Ukraine clouded their
outlook on consumer demand. Auto dealers suggested
that sales will remain weak until inventory levels recover.
Financial Services
Loan demand increased moderately during the reporting
period. Contacts reported increased business lending,
especially for commercial and industrial loans, and many
bankers reported strong loan pipelines. On the household side, some bankers noted a mixed effect of higher
mortgage interest rates as demand for new originations
increased while refinancing activity dropped. Demand for
auto loans was slightly down because of limited vehicle
inventories. Lenders said that delinquency rates for
commercial and consumer loans remained low and that
core deposits increased. Looking ahead, bankers expected business loan volumes to increase further as
clients make capital investments, but they expected
mortgage ref inancing activity to slow further as interest
rates rise.
Manufacturing
Demand for manufactured goods increased strongly
across a wide range of end-user markets. However,
supply chains continued to be disrupted both domestically and abroad, with COVID-related shutdowns in China
and the war in Ukraine adding additional new challenges. Worker shortages continued to restrict output growth.
Manuf acturers struggling to keep up with demand reported some success in doing so by using labor-saving
technologies. Finished goods inventories f ell modestly
because extended lead times for inputs resulted in an
excess of unfinished goods. Looking forward, most respondents expected demand to increase in coming
months, though their optimism was tempered by continued difficulty sourcing inputs, fears over a recession in
Europe, and general concern about rising inflation.
Professional and Business Services
Activity for prof essional and business services remained
strong. Software solutions and digital authentication
firms reported that demand for their services remained
elevated. Going forward, contacts were optimistic that
current demand would persist. Wealth management and
consulting firms were particularly optimistic, noting recent increases in early-stage business consultations.
Freight
Demand for freight services declined modestly from high
levels. The softer demand stemmed f rom continued
supply chain disruptions, especially at ports, and growing
uncertainty surrounding the conflict in Ukraine. Many
respondents reported being at capacity. Worker availability improved somewhat, but many contacts said that
staffing was still below desired staffing levels. Looking
forward, contacts expected conditions to improve modestly in coming months despite difficulties passing
through rising f uel costs, continued difficulty f illing driver
positions, and the threat of a recession in Europe. ■
Real Estate and Construction
Demand for residential construction and real estate
remained robust despite increasing interest rates. Even
so, supply chain disruptions continue to hinder new
home construction. One general contractor indicated that
he has had no issue selling homes, though completing
projects has remained a challenge. Going forward, contacts were optimistic that demand would remain strong in
the near term, though the longer-term outlook is clouded
by elevated prices and rising interest rates.
Nonresidential construction and real estate activity continued to increase. Contacts reported that leasing activity
for industrial, retail, and apartment spaces remained
strong. There has also been a recent uptick in leasing
activity for office spaces. Leasing demand is expected to
remain strong going forward, with continual improve-
For more information about District economic conditions visit:
https://www.clevelandfed.org/en/region/regional-analysis
D-2
Federal Reserve Bank of
Richmond
The Beige Book ■ April 2022
Summary of Economic Activity
The regional economy continued to grow moderately amid ongoing supply chain issues, shortages of labor, and rising
prices; however, several contacts expressed concerns that increasing energy costs and the war in Ukraine posed risks
to near-term business conditions. Manufacturers reported moderate growth in shipments and orders but continued to
face inventory and supply chain challenges. Import volumes grew strongly and ports worked at full capacity but struggled to get containers out of the port due to transportation shortages. Trucking companies confirmed the difficulties at
the ports, reporting robust demand but limited availability of equipment and drivers. Retailers reported strong demand
and were largely able to pass along rising prices to customers. Auto sales remained constrained by low inventory levels
of new vehicles. Leisure travel and tourism was strong while business travel started to pick back up but remained well
below pre-pandemic levels. Demand for homes remained strong and low inventory levels persisted. Commercial real
estate activity was robust, particularly in the industrial and multifamily sectors. Bank lending was also strong, largely
driven by commercial activity. Nonfinancial services firms saw moderate growth as the decline in COVID cases and
easing of restrictions helped improve business conditions. Employment rose moderately but demand for workers continued to exceed supply, leading to further wage increases to recruit and retain staff. Prices continued to increase strongly
due in part to rising fuel and transportation costs in recent weeks.
and that strong demand has allowed them to pass costs
along.
Labor Markets
Total employment in the Fifth District rose moderately
since our previous report. Firms across a wide variety of
industries continued to report labor shortages with many
noting that it was particularly difficult to fill positions that
required less than a four-year degree. Employers said
that main challenges were applicants not having the
skills or experience required or applicants dropping out
during the hiring process. Some firms saw applicants
turn down job offers because the proposed compensation was too low, or the job was not hybrid or fully remote. This led many to increase starting wages and
benefits, expand recruiting efforts, and, where possible,
provide more flexible working arrangements.
Manufacturing
Manufacturers in the Fifth District saw moderate increases in shipments and new orders in recent weeks. Several producers noted that the persistence of long lead
times and low inventory levels led to increased backlogs.
One manufacturer, on the other hand, said that new
orders had softened but production was unchanged as
they worked to reduce their backlog. Some contacts
noted that higher fuel and energy prices, as well as the
war in Ukraine, have led to higher prices with increased
uncertainty for the near-term supply chain. One contact
said they were beginning to see some European suppliers shut down due to the spike in energy costs.
Prices
Prices continued to increase at a robust rate in recent
weeks. According to our surveys, service sector firms
reported year-over-year price growth of more than five
percent, on average. Several firms noted that recent
increases in fuel prices led to higher costs of doing business, which were being passed through to customers.
Manufacturers reported strong increases in non-labor
input prices, due in part by scarcities of raw materials as
well rising fuel and transportation costs. Firms in both
goods producing and service providing sectors also cited
higher labor costs contributing to their price escalation
Ports and Transportation
Fifth District ports saw strong growth in import volumes
with terminals operating at capacity. As such, there were
more ships queuing up outside the port due to slower
turn times caused by longer container dwell times clogging up the port. There continued to be delays getting
containers out of the ports caused by shortages in inland
transportation. Spot shipping rates have come off their
peak, but new contract rates were much higher than last
year. Imports and exports of automobiles and heavy
E-1
Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond
equipment were volatile, which contacts attributed to the
microchip shortage. There were also reports of increased use of air freight due to ocean shipping delays.
office leasing activity picked up with tenants looking to
“right-size” their space and lock-in longer term leases.
Retail leasing strengthened, leading to falling vacancy
rates. However, tenant improvement costs for retail and
office spaces increased dramatically. Rising home prices
have led to rapidly increasing multifamily rental rates.
Land sales were extremely active, and prices increased
across all property types. Feasibility was an issue with
new commercial development due to high construction
costs, the exception being for industrial and multifamily
projects. Investment sales activity continued to be robust.
Trucking companies reported that demand remained
strong, leading to tight capacity. Several companies
noted an ability to hire new drivers, and retention also
continued to be an issue. Most trucking firms were just
now getting the new equipment they ordered in 2021,
but they still had to rely on aging truck tractors, chassis,
and trailers to meet demand. Trucking firms indicated
that they continued to increase shipping rates in
response to higher fuel costs, wages, and equipment
prices. Respondents indicated that they expect demand
for freight to remain strong for the rest of 2022.
Banking and Finance
Respondents continue to report strong loan demand
across all commercial loan types, while residential mortgage demand has started to ease. Respondents noted
that while the slowdown in residential mortgages was
mainly due to low housing stocks, some potential buyers
were deterred by rising interest rates.. New auto lending
was still being impacted from a lack of inventory, however, used auto lending demand was growing. Deposits
continued to grow on pace with last year. Credit quality
remained excellent, and delinquencies remained below
pre-pandemic levels, but some respondents were seeing
consumer loan delinquencies trending upwards.
Retail, Travel, and Tourism
Fifth District retailers continued to experience strong
demand with most stores able to pass on the higher
costs of goods, as well as increased labor costs, to
consumers. Many retailers cited shortages of labor and
inventory as constraints on growth. Auto dealers stated
that the inventory of new cars continued to be extremely
low. With consumers keeping cars longer, there was
higher demand for services and dealerships were having trouble finding technicians despite increasing wages.
Travel and tourism in the Fifth District continued to be
strong, driven primarily by leisure travel. In most markets, hotel occupancy and average daily rates both were
higher in March. Convention related business was starting to pick up, and events were retuning. Passenger
count at airports rose and nearly matched their 2019
levels. Restaurants experienced strong demand but
staffing was still a challenge. Overall, vacation travel
remained strong, despite consumer concerns over gas
prices and rising costs.
Nonfinancial Services
Nonfinancial service firms reported moderate growth in
revenues and strengthening demand in recent weeks.
Several firms noted that the decline in COVID cases and
the easing of COVID restrictions helped boost activity. A
federal contractor, for example, said that easing made
hiring and executing work easier. They also expected a
boost in defense spending because of the war in
Ukraine. A few service providers, however, noted increased uncertainty and risks to business conditions due
to the ongoing conflict as well as from rising energy
prices. ■
Real Estate and Construction
Since our last report, demand for homes in the Fifth
District remained strong with a solid amount of buyer
traffic. As such, housing inventory levels remained low
and home prices continued to rise. There was not
enough new home construction to meet demand, and
some builders were either sold out for 2022 or were
doing a lottery system for completed homes. The cost of
some construction components continued to increase,
but availability of materials improved slightly. Real estate
agents noted that it continued to be a sellers’ market
and very competitive for buyers.
Overall commercial real estate market activity was
strong this period, especially in the multifamily and
industrial sectors where demand was high, vacancy
rates low and rental rates continued to increase. Class A
For more information about District economic conditions visit:
www.richmondfed.org/research/data_analysis
E-2
Federal Reserve Bank of
Atlanta
The Beige Book ■ April 2022
Summary of Economic Activity
Business contacts in the Sixth District indicated that economic activity expanded moderately, on balance, from midFebruary through March. Labor market tightness and wage pressures persisted. Some nonlabor costs continued to rise
and the conflict in Ukraine is expected to put additional pressure on commodities. Firms’ pricing power was sustained.
Retail activity was robust, but auto sales were down. Tourism activity strengthened. Housing demand was strong,
though persistently low inventory levels, higher home prices, and rising mortgage rates constrained sales and further
diminished affordability. Commercial real estate activity was mixed. Manufacturing saw continued solid demand. Conditions at financial institutions were steady, and consumer lending improved.
and pricing power was consistent with recent reports,
though more contacts expressed concerns over the
potential of further price increases dampening demand.
The Atlanta Fed’s Business Inflation Expectations survey
showed year-over-year unit cost growth was relatively
unchanged at 4.1 percent, on average, in March. Firms'
year-ahead inflation expectations increased significantly
to 3.8 percent, on average, up from 3.6 percent in February.
Labor Markets
Most contacts continued to report tight labor market
conditions. Some firms reported proactively raising wages to reduce turnover or increasing the frequency of
raises to keep in step with the market. Many noted that
high turnover has been driven largely by workers chasing higher wages or workers' desire for greater flexibility.
Several contacts who had previously resisted hybrid and
remote scheduling began offering workplace flexibility to
attract or retain staff. Government-funded and charitybased entities were especially challenged with reacting
to market wage increases. To recruit and retain staff,
employers reported offering more hybrid work arrangements, providing retention bonuses, and making parttime positions available to lure back retirees.
Consumer Spending and Tourism
District retailers reported solid demand during the reporting period. However, some softening is expected over
the next few months amid expectations of smaller tax
refunds (due to the advance in child tax credits) and
rising gas prices. Automotive unit sales were down, and
prices increased over the reporting period as a result of
continued supply constraints.
Expectations about accelerating wage increases were
mixed. Some firms anticipate wage growth will increase
this year across the board, while others plan to be more
targeted with raises. More contacts noted that inflation is
creating upward pressure on wages. Among those planning to hold the line on wage increases this year, it was
noted that sustained higher inflation could push them to
re-think their plans.
Tourism contacts reported robust spring break activity
and cited Florida’s beaches as a top destination. Hotel
average daily rates and occupancy levels were up over
2019 levels. Some improvement in business travel and
conventions was reported, although this segment continues to lag leisure travel.
Prices
District contacts continued to note rising input costs,
particularly for materials like lumber and steel. The conflict in Ukraine, in addition to impacting fuel costs, is
expected to put upward pressure on other input costs
such as nitrogen and wheat. Contacts reported implementing various mitigations to ongoing supply chain
constraints affecting costs, including investments in
technology to improve efficiency, consolidation of shipping routes or loads, and renting warehouse space to
store more inventory. Margins largely remained elevated
Construction and Real Estate
Though demand for housing remained robust during the
reporting period, rising costs and limited inventory continued to suppress sales. Cost inflation in the construction of new homes persisted as supply chain disruptions
and labor shortages challenged homebuilders. Contacts
reported that declining home ownership affordability was
a growing concern for buyers. Nashville, Atlanta, Tampa,
and Orlando experienced the sharpest declines in afford-
F-1
Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta
loan growth. Asset quality remained strong. Delinquency
rates were stable for most portfolios and net charge-offs
held steady. With the increase in loan growth, provisions
for loan losses also slightly increased.
ability over the past year, as mortgage rates rose and
home prices in these markets reached record levels.
District commercial real estate (CRE) conditions remained mixed. Activity in the multifamily, industrial and
tech-related (data centers, etc.) sectors experienced
continued significant upward momentum. The office
sector improved modestly as more employers reopened,
but contacts indicated that elevated levels of sublease
space could hinder market rent growth until absorbed.
Contacts continued to report healthy competition among
CRE lenders; however, some lenders reported a modest
increase in underwriting standards. Smaller banks and
non-bank lenders have been identified by market contacts as the more aggressive of CRE lenders.
Energy
Activity continued to strengthen across energy sectors.
Drilling increased as global demand boosted exports of
crude and natural gas and kept prices elevated. Energy
contacts noted that oil that would typically be sent to
domestic storage hubs was being routed to the Gulf
Coast for export. However, some contacts reported that
labor and equipment availability challenges hindered oil
and gas production. Refinery operations across the
region were largely at full capacity. Utility contacts reported that the tight natural gas market kept the price of
electricity elevated; still, demand for power across customer segments was stable. Investment in renewables
continued to grow, particularly solar power projects and
offshore wind planning in the Gulf of Mexico; however,
contacts expressed concern about potential disruptions
to domestic solar power manufacturing and development
projects resulting from tightness in parts availability
related to reduced imports.
Manufacturing
Manufacturing activity was consistent with the previous
report. Contacts noted continued strong demand, though
rising input and labor costs put pressure on margins for
some. According to the Atlanta Fed’s Business Inflation
Expectations survey, most manufacturers surveyed
reported moderate to severe supply chain disruptions
including supplier delays, difficulties locating alternate
suppliers, production delays and delays in the delivery/
shipping of final inventories. Most respondents expect
these disruptions to continue over the next 6-12 months.
Manufacturers also reported that production levels were
hindered primarily by a lack of workers and supply availability. Manufacturing contacts expect further strengthening in demand, but concerns over supply chain disruptions, labor shortages, and rising input costs remained.
Agriculture
Agricultural conditions remained mixed. Parts of the
District experienced moderately dry conditions. On a
month-over-month basis, Florida's orange crop and
grapefruit productions were down 5 percent in February
and both forecasts were below last year's production.
Agriculture contacts noted fertilizer and chemical costs
have doubled recently and are expected to remain elevated over the next six months. The conflict in Ukraine is
expected to have a “profound effect” on commodity
prices going forward, especially for potash, a critical
component of fertilizer. ■
Transportation
Transportation activity was mixed over the reporting
period. Some District ports reported continued doubledigit growth in container volumes resulting from a shift in
cargo by shipping lines from the west coast to the east
coast. Demand for industrial space increased, but capacity remained tight despite an increase in new warehouse
construction. Air cargo contacts noted growing freight
volumes; however, new COVID lockdowns in China
diminished air carriers’ ability to move cargo in and out of
the country. Railroads saw a significant decrease in total
rail traffic year to date as compared with year-earlier
levels, led by double-digit declines in petroleum and
petroleum products, motor vehicles and parts, metallic
ores and coal. Intermodal volumes also fell.
Banking and Finance
Conditions at District financial institutions remained
stable. Loan growth improved, with consumer lending
experiencing the strongest growth among loan portfolios.
Deposit balances were flat. Some banks reported increases in short-term borrowings to fund the stronger
For more information about District economic conditions visit:
www.frbatlanta.org/economy‐matters/regional‐economics
F-2
Federal Reserve Bank of
Chicago
The Beige Book ■ April 2022
Summary of Economic Activity
Economic activity in the Seventh District increased moderately overall in late February and March, though contacts
expected a more modest pace of growth over the coming months. Labor and materials supply constraints continued to
weigh on the expansion. Employment increased strongly, and consumer spending, business spending, manufacturing,
and construction and real estate were up modestly. Wages and prices rose rapidly, while financial conditions tightened
some. Agriculture markets experienced price increases and substantial volatility related to Russia’s invasion of Ukraine.
higher costs for labor, transportation, energy, and materials, notably metals. Consumer prices generally moved
up robustly due to solid demand, limited inventories, and
pass-through of increased costs. Contacts continued to
indicate that they were experiencing only limited
pushback on price increases from customers.
Labor Markets
Employment increased at a strong pace over the reporting period, and contacts expected moderate growth over
the next 12 months. Contacts across sectors reported
ongoing difficulty in finding workers at all skill levels.
High turnover rates continued to be an issue for some
contacts, with one noting that several senior level managers resigned for permanent work-from-home opportunities at other firms. A lack of labor continued to prevent
a number of firms from producing enough to meet strong
demand, with one manufacturer expressing the desire to
add a third shift but unable to find workers for it. Overall,
wage and benefit costs increased rapidly, both to attract
new workers and retain existing talent. Still, some contacts noted that despite higher wage offers, they were
unable to fill open positions due to a scarcity of applicants. Others, however, indicated they were seeing
improvements in their ability to hire, which they attributed
to greater labor force participation. One contact noted
that although they were able to hire, new workers required more training than they had historically.
Consumer Spending
Consumer spending moved up modestly on balance
over the reporting period. Some retailers mentioned that
foot traffic picked up and attributed the change to reduced concern about COVID-19. Nonauto retail sales
increased slightly. Spending on furniture, appliances,
and electronics rose modestly, but grocery sales were
flat. Contacts also noted an increase in sales at discount
stores. Light vehicle sales volumes decreased moderately and continued to be constrained by low inventory
levels; profit margins remained strong due to elevated
vehicle prices. Leisure and hospitality spending increased, led by greater tourism activity.
Business Spending
Business spending increased modestly in late February
and March. Retail inventories remained low in many
sectors due to supply chain challenges. For key items,
retailers were taking extraordinary measures to get
inventory, including ordering earlier and using air freight.
Prices
Overall, prices rose strongly in late February and March,
and contacts expected price growth to continue at a
strong pace over the next 12 months. There were large
increases in producer prices, driven by pass-through of
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Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago
Many manufacturers’ inventories were not at desired
levels, with the number reporting levels as too high about
the same as the number reporting levels as too low.
Manufacturing contacts continued to cite shortages of a
wide range of inputs and expressed concern that the
COVID-19 outbreak in China could cause further supply
disruptions. Transportation services continued to operate
at full capacity. Growth in capital expenditures was modest, with greater spending on equipment upgrades and
intellectual property. Lead times remained lengthy for
some types of capital equipment. There was little change
in industrial energy consumption, while commercial
energy consumption increased slightly, led by growth in
office usage. Residential energy demand decreased
slightly.
furniture noted that demand for new, renovated, or reconfigured office space was supporting sales. Fabricated
metals manufacturers reported little change in order
books overall.
Banking and Finance
Financial conditions tightened some on balance over the
reporting period. Participants in the equity and bond
markets reported rising interest rates, an increase in
volatility, and net declines in asset values. Business loan
demand increased modestly, with growth spread across
sectors. Contacts highlighted greater usage of lines of
credit to finance inventories as well as growth in acquisition financing. Business loan quality was unchanged
overall, while business loan standards tightened slightly.
In consumer markets, loan demand decreased slightly,
led by lower demand for mortgage lending. Consumer
loan quality remained unchanged on balance, while
standards tightened slightly.
Construction and Real Estate
Construction and real estate activity moved up modestly
on net over the reporting period. Contacts in both residential and nonresidential construction noted that higher
labor and materials costs and rising interest rates were
weighing on demand. Residential construction was up on
net, with growth varying by location and segment. According to a survey of builders, single family home construction was flat, with many still limiting contract sales
as they continued to navigate supply-chain bottlenecks.
There were notable delays in deliveries of key items,
such as windows, doors, framing, HVAC equipment,
appliances, and cabinets. Multifamily construction
strengthened as demand remained robust. Residential
real estate activity was little changed. Inventory levels of
homes for sale remained low, contributing to further
increases in prices and rents. In the nonresidential construction sector, project costs escalated, and builders
reported delays in receiving steel. Nonetheless, construction increased due to strong demand in the industrial, single-tenant retail, and medical office areas. Commercial real estate activity held steady, with little movement in transaction activity, prices, or rents. There was a
modest increase in the availability of sublease space.
Agriculture
Agriculture markets experienced price increases and
substantial volatility during the reporting period related to
Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. Prices for corn, soybeans,
and wheat moved higher, as did input prices, particularly
for fertilizer and diesel fuel. Some farmers switched to
using manure as fertilizer, though availability was limited,
particularly in areas without substantial livestock activity.
Rising input costs led to a shift in planting plans from
corn to soybeans, which require less expensive inputs.
In addition, concerns deepened about whether input
deliveries would be in time for planting. On average,
prices for cattle, hogs, eggs, and milk were all up from
the prior reporting period. Strong gains in farmland prices continued, in part because of greater interest by
investors. ■
Manufacturing
Manufacturing production increased modestly in late
February and March as challenges in securing labor and
materials limited production despite strong demand for
many products. Shortages of microchips and other materials resulted in an outright decline in auto output. Heavy
truck demand increased moderately but there was only a
small increase in production, which reduced inventories
and boosted prices. Steel production was flat, though
demand moved up, driven in part by increased orders
from energy customers. Steel prices remained high,
especially for stainless steel. Manufacturers of office
For more information about District economic conditions visit:
chicagofed.org/cfsbc
G-2
Federal Reserve Bank of
St. Louis
The Beige Book ■ April 2022
Summary of Economic Activity
Economic conditions have improved at a moderate pace since our previous report. The pace of hiring rose modestly,
and wage growth remained strong. Prices, particularly for raw materials and food, increased at a robust pace. Reports
on consumer spending were mixed, with notable signs of improvement in the tourism sector and softening growth in
retail sales. Reports from manufacturers remain positive, with continued strong growth in new orders despite labor
shortages and supply-chain disruptions restraining production. Real estate contacts reported a surge in seasonal buying
activity coincided with a rise in mortgage rates, creating an uncertain outlook. Banking contacts reported a slight increase in loan demand and expect competition among lenders to put downward pressure on rates.
Labor Markets
Prices
Employment has risen modestly since our previous
report. Although some contacts reported early signs of
improvement, labor shortages all along the supply chain
continued to hinder firms’ expansion and output. One
Indiana contact reported that an air pilot shortage was
causing economic difficulties for their whole region.
Companies, nonprofits, and local governments alike tried
to connect employers to potential employees with career
fairs and other programs.
Prices have increased robustly since our previous report.
Lumber prices are once again at record highs after declining in the second half of last year. Contacts reported
a surge in steel prices since our previous report. Some
construction suppliers have several planned price increases for the near future; increases range from 6% for
roofing materials to 75% for glass fiber felt sheets. Some
suppliers and trucking companies are adding fuel surchargers or delivery fees to orders, which most contacts
are passing on to consumers. Agriculture contacts noted
higher fuel and fertilizer costs, which will be passed on to
consumers. A contact in the restaurant industry reported
that chicken and butter prices have increased since the
beginning of the year.
Worker preference for telecommuting was so strong—
and so at odds with employer preferences—that one
local Chamber of Commerce offered separate employee
and employer seminars on the topic to ease the tension.
One major corporation incentivized workers’ return to the
office with a new coffee shop, decorative improvements,
more collaborative spaces, and an arcade-style area.
Consumer Spending
General retailers, auto dealers, and hospitality contacts
reported mixed business activity and a mixed outlook.
West Tennessee consumer sentiment about current and
future conditions has worsened since December. Memphis general retailers experienced a slow first quarter,
citing ongoing supply chain and product availability issues, and have a mixed outlook for the upcoming
months. A St. Louis auto dealer reported that business
activity was up in March compared with February; however, they noted that new vehicles are slow to leave
Wages have grown strongly. The tight labor market
continues to drive up wages and related benefits across
industries and skill levels. Workers increasingly cited
inflation when demanding higher wages. One food service employee cited their relatively low pay as a primary
driver in recent unionization efforts.
H-1
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
factories due to shortages in parts previously sourced
from companies that went out of business during the
pandemic. One restaurant in Louisville reported that,
despite rising prices and energy costs, they believe their
business activity won’t be greatly impacted because of a
shift to more profitable takeout orders. Tourism has
started to rebound throughout the District with hotel
bookings showing notable improvements, although contacts noted that risks to further recovery include rising
gas prices and future COVID surges.
should help soften demand throughout the year but real
estate will continue to be a seller’s market in the shortterm because of low inventory.
Reports on commercial construction have been mixed.
One contact previously believed that demand would
have tapered off by now, but despite increases in input
costs and supply chain problems demand continues to
be strong. However, a Memphis area banker reported
two instances where customers delayed or cancelled
developments because of high input prices. A contact in
Arkansas mentioned that the shortage of skilled labor
coupled with shipping delays is hampering project completion. One example is the lead time for electrical
switchgear, which has risen from 20 weeks prepandemic to 60 weeks.
Manufacturing
Manufacturing activity has strongly increased since our
previous report. Firms in both Arkansas and Missouri
reported moderate to strong upticks in new orders and
production. Demand has continued to remain strong
despite significant price increases, exceeding production
capacity and creating order backlogs. Some firms are
concerned demand may soon soften due to these continued price increases. Labor inputs and wages also remain high due to worker shortages. One contact in trailer
manufacturing noted that they “could double their sales if
they had the workers.” Firms continue to invest in process automation to reduce their reliance on human labor.
Banking and Finance
Banking conditions have improved slightly since our
previous report as banks reported an increase in overall
lending activity. Commercial and industrial loans increased slightly, while consumer and real estate loans
increased moderately. Deposit levels remained elevated,
but deposit growth slowed. A Memphis banking contact
reported an influx of customers asking to fix their adjustable-rate loans or extend their fixed-rate loans in light of
the recent interest rate increase and uncertainty around
future rates. At least one large lender continues to lend
at low rates for long terms. Overall, banking contacts
expect high liquidity throughout the system to keep
downward pressure on interest rates.
Nonfinancial Services
Activity in the nonfinancial services sector has increased
since our previous report. Airport passenger traffic increased in March, nearing 90% of pre-pandemic levels.
Transportation sector contacts have implemented fuel
surcharges to partially offset the rapid rise in fuel prices
and continue to face a shortage of drivers; some are
testing autonomous vehicles as a long-term solution. An
Arkansas transportation contact reported revenues exceeding pre-pandemic levels due to increased demand,
although a shortage of parts for needed repairs has been
an issue. Hospitals continue to face shortages of nurses
and lab supplies, although declining COVID-19 cases
have improved morale. A community college in Southwest Tennessee is experiencing an uptick in overall
applications after three semesters of dropping enrollment.
Agriculture and Natural Resources
Agriculture conditions have improved slightly since our
previous report. The number of acres planted across the
District for corn, cotton, rice, and soybeans was little
changed from last year. Tennessee saw the most growth
of all District states, with a moderate increase of 10% in
acres planted. Corn and rice were planted in lesser
quantities compared with last year, while cotton and
soybeans increased in acreage. Contacts have expressed concern about a continued rise in input costs
and availability of inputs, particularly fertilizer.
Real Estate and Construction
Natural resource extraction conditions saw little change
from February to March, with seasonally adjusted coal
production decreasing by 0.5%. March production went
down moderately compared with a year ago, decreasing
over 8%. ■
The residential real estate market has remained strong
since our previous report. Apartment rental rates have
continued to increase strongly. Multiple contacts reported high competition, with rental properties getting as
many as 50 contacts in the first day after posting. Despite climbing interest rates since our previous report,
home buyers have remained undeterred. Demand has
held strong; inventory has fallen and remains around 2530% lower than this time last year in the District’s major
MSAs. One contact believes that higher interest rates
H-2
Federal Reserve Bank of
Minneapolis
The Beige Book ■ April 2022
Summary of Economic Activity
Ninth District economic activity increased moderately since mid-February. Employment saw moderate growth, as robust
hiring demand continued to be restrained by tight labor supply. Wage and price pressures were strong, with particularly
strong pressure on input prices. Growth was noted in consumer spending, commercial construction and real estate,
manufacturing, and energy. Residential construction was flat and residential real estate slowed. Agricultural conditions
improved heading into the planting season, with strong crop prices offsetting high input costs. Reports from minorityand women-owned businesses were mixed, while rural startup loans were on the rise.
Labor Markets
Prices
Employment grew moderately since the last report.
Hiring demand remained strong according to both formal
and ad hoc surveys of employers. Construction,
hospitality, and manufacturing firms reported particularly
robust labor needs. Most firms were interested in
increasing the overall size of their full-time workforce,
while a smaller share also noted openings to fill turnover
or seasonal needs. However, firms struggled to fill open
positions. Labor availability was considered poor by a
majority of employers, with little expectation of near-term
improvement. A North Dakota staffing contact said that
for a job order of 10 workers, clients are told that “we’ll
try to get you two or three.” Among firms using work visa
programs, a majority reported significant difficulties in
filling labor needs through such channels.
Price pressures intensified further since the previous
report. Two-thirds of District firms responding to a survey
said they increased their selling prices in March from a
month earlier, while 70 percent reported that their nonlabor input prices increased from February.
Manufacturing contacts noted that after a brief slowing of
price increases for certain raw materials, prices
increased suddenly and steeply with the onset of the war
in Ukraine. Retail fuel prices in District states increased
briskly since the previous report. Prices received by
farmers in February increased from a year earlier for
corn, soybeans, wheat, canola, dry beans, potatoes,
hay, hogs, cattle, turkeys, chickens, eggs, and milk.
Worker Experience
Labor supply remained tight across the District. A recent
survey of workers in Minnesota and North Dakota
showed that better pay and benefits, increased flexibility,
and career advancement were the main priorities among
respondents looking to make occupational changes.
Staffing shortages put pressure on some workers. “My
work life is stressful, we are understaffed, and I don’t
have the support I need to do my job,” said an education
industry worker. Many survey respondents reported
making substitutions or reducing consumption of some
food items and clothing in response to higher prices, but
absorbing the added costs of more essential items such
Wage pressures remained strong. Surveys suggested
that a large share of firms were giving raises, particularly
in construction and hospitality sectors, and the size of
wage hikes was growing as employers competed for
labor. A small Minnesota health care firm said the
inability to find workers required higher salaries “to avoid
[staff] poaching or resignations.” Numerous contacts
reported increased interest in automation to tackle
growing wage pressure and lack of workers. Sources
also reported that rapid wage inflation induced more
turnover among lower-wage positions.
I-1
Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis
Manufacturing
as medicine, rent, fuel, and electricity. Working parents
struggled to find and afford childcare, and workers with
student loans worried about their finances once the
payment moratorium ends. A construction labor contact
said that elevated vehicle and gas prices were of great
concern to industry workers because of long commutes
to working sites.
Manufacturing activity increased moderately, while
contacts noted worsening input availability challenges. A
regional manufacturing index indicated increased activity
in Minnesota, North Dakota, and South Dakota in March
relative to the previous month. Most manufacturing
respondents to a survey of District businesses reported
increased sales in March from the previous month, along
with continued input cost and availability challenges.
Several contacts noted that raw materials suppliers were
only holding price quotes for 24 hours in some cases. A
few contacts noted a decline in new orders because of
price increases or limited inventory, while a metal
fabricator reported a sharp drop in new orders since the
Russian invasion of Ukraine.
Consumer Spending
Consumer spending grew moderately since the last
report. Overall, more hospitality and tourism firms
reported higher revenues of late compared with those
reporting a revenue decline. However, some reported
that increased revenue was due to higher costs flowing
through to customers. Firms in the Minneapolis-St. Paul
region were more likely to report positive revenue
growth, but many continued to report that revenues were
below pre-pandemic levels. Nonetheless, these firms
were expecting solid revenue growth in the coming
months compared with last year. Retailers in general
reported modestly higher sales, but noted higher costs
were eating into profits and supply chain problems
continued to hamper product inventory and related sales.
Agriculture, Energy, and Natural Resources
District agricultural conditions improved moderately
heading into planting season. Strong crop prices
appeared to outweigh increases in input costs, bolstering
incomes, according to contacts; however, livestock and
dairy producers were seeing their margins squeezed.
Early reports indicated a reduction in District corn acres
planted and an increase in wheat and soybean acres in
2022. District oil and gas exploration activity was steady
since the last report, despite a crude price surge.
Industry contacts suggested that labor availability
challenges were constraining oilfield activity and that
drilling would respond only gradually to oil prices greater
than $100 a barrel, even if sustained. An iron ore facility
in northern Minnesota announced that it would idle
operations in the spring.
Construction and Real Estate
Commercial construction grew moderately since the last
report. Overall, contacts were positive about recent
revenues and reported a healthy pipeline of work to bid
on. Activity was robust in South Dakota. Numerous
contacts reported that activity would have been stronger
were it not for high material costs, significant delays in
obtaining materials, and a lack of skilled workers. Growth
in residential construction showed signs of slowing.
Single-family permits in February and March were mixed
across the District’s larger markets. A western South
Dakota contact said that pricing and subsequent sales of
speculative homes were being delayed until completion
to keep up with rising costs.
Minority- and Women-Owned Business Enterprises
Reports from minority- and women-owned business
enterprises (MWBEs) in the District were mixed. In
Minneapolis-St. Paul, some downtown retailers were
hopeful as more workers transitioned back to the office,
but also uncertain about the impact of hybrid work.
Staffing continued to be a challenge for MWBEs.
“Employees are practically setting their own schedules;
they otherwise don’t take the job,” shared a Minnesota
contact. The director of a nonprofit serving MWBEs said
it was also struggling to hire talent despite offering
generous pay and benefits. The same contact reported
higher entrepreneurship in rural areas. Higher input
costs became reportedly harder to pass on to consumers
among smaller businesses, as the cost of fuel and other
necessities continued to rise and compete for people’s
budgets. ■
Commercial real estate improved modestly since the last
report. Downtown employers continued their return to
offices, which helped nearby retail and other businesses.
Industrial space remained at low vacancies despite
considerable new construction. Residential real estate
demand remained healthy, though overall sales were
slow due to low inventories of homes for sale. An
eastern South Dakota contact said that anything
“remotely close to good condition” sells in less than 24
hours without having to list. Higher mortgage interest
rates were expected to dampen demand, and sources
reported slightly more home price reductions compared
with the previous month.
For more information about District economic conditions
visit: minneapolisfed.org/region-and-community
I-2
Federal Reserve Bank of
Kansas City
The Beige Book ■ April 2022
Summary of Economic Activity
Growth in the Tenth District economy accelerated to a robust pace over the last several weeks. Manufacturing production
grew rapidly bringing overall activity to its highest level in fifteen years. Services sectors also grew at a robust pace. In
particular, demand at leisure and hospitality businesses bounced back quickly as the Omicron wave faded, and spring
break activity significantly exceeded expectations for most contacts. Real estate activity and demand for mortgages remained at exceptional levels, even as interest rates rose in recent weeks. Contacts reported the invasion of Ukraine
further disrupted global supply chains and led to higher input prices, but has not affected overall demand, hiring plans or
planned capital expenditures. Uncertainty about ongoing effects of disruptions in Ukraine is elevated in the agriculture and
energy sectors. Labor markets continued to tighten. District states concentrated in agriculture and energy sectors had
exceptionally high numbers of vacancies per job seeker. Prices increased at a robust pace across the District. Moreover,
contacts indicated that they increased their prices more frequently over recent months.
Labor Markets
Prices
Total hiring grew at a moderate pace. While labor shortages remained challenging, some contacts reported an
improvement in their ability to recruit or retain workers.
Hiring in the services sector outpaced job growth among
goods-producing businesses, driven largely by gains in
leisure and hospitality employment. Labor markets continued to tighten across the District. The number of vacant jobs for each unemployed person was at all-time
highs, and generally above the national average. States
concentrated in agriculture and energy sectors had
exceptionally high numbers of vacancies per job seeker,
a trend that emerged as commodity prices rose in recent
months.
Prices increased at a robust pace across the District.
Moreover, contacts indicated that they increased their
prices more frequently in recent months. Most businesses indicated that higher prices were insufficient to fully
offset rising input costs. Businesses linked more closely
to the production, processing or delivery of commodities
exhibited greater ability to pass higher prices to their
customers. Retail businesses and contacts in the agricultural sector noted that the costs of ongoing supply disruptions have yet to fully reach customers.
Consumer Spending
Consumer spending grew at a moderate pace in recent
weeks. Contacts in the leisure and hospitality sector
indicated that the spring season has been much better
than expected as COVID-19 cases abated quickly, and
that bookings extend throughout the summer. Moreover,
several contacts noted that planned business travel grew
moderately in recent weeks. Several retailers indicated
that uncertainty about growth in consumer spending for
the next several months is elevated, particularly for lower
income households. Contacts noted that higher food and
gasoline prices are expected to curb other retail spending as essential goods become more expensive.
Wage growth was robust and broad-based over the last
month. Contacts reported that the pace of wage gains
was relatively faster among lower-wage occupations, as
measured on a percentage basis. The transportation
sector also exhibited large wage gains. Contacts continued to report increasing non-wage benefits, such as
more personal time off, in order to attract applicants.
Expectations that wage growth would exceed its pace
from recent years were unchanged.
J-1
Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City
Manufacturing and Other Business Activity
Community and Regional Banking
The manufacturing and services sectors in the District
expanded at a robust pace in recent months, bringing
reported activity well above levels exhibited over the past
fifteen years. However, most contacts reported that profit
margins decreased recently amid rising cost pressures.
New orders among manufacturers outpaced growth in
their inventories of materials, leading to rapid increases
in backlogs. Expectations for growth over the next six
months remained elevated broadly, but constrained by
difficulties hiring workers and sourcing key inputs.
Loan demand grew moderately over the past month as
banking contacts highlighted increased levels of commercial real estate financing. Demand for commercial
and industrial loans and residential mortgages were
stable amid rising interest rates. Credit quality was unchanged and contacts did not anticipate material changes going forward, although some noted concerns related
to agricultural input costs and the effects of rising interest
rates on borrowers. Deposits grew moderately from
historically high levels. Several contacts noted near-term
risks stemming from rising inflation, elevated home prices, increased labor costs, and considerable economic
uncertainty.
Contacts reported that the invasion of Ukraine further
disrupted global supply chains and led to higher input
prices, but has not affected overall demand, hiring plans
or planned capital expenditures. The disruptions to supply chains due to the invasion were broad-based. For
example, contacts in professional business service sectors highlighted losses in communication with Ukrainian
software engineers supplying regional businesses. Also,
deliveries of vehicles and other equipment to energy and
manufacturing businesses have been delayed because
key components fabricated in Ukraine were not available. Uncertainty remains elevated among District contacts about further disruptions tied to the conflict. Given
Ukraine’s prominence in supplying neon – a gas used in
the manufacturing of microchips – several contacts
noted exacerbated concerns about the availability of
electronic equipment looking ahead. Uncertainty about
future supply disruptions was also pronounced among
agricultural contacts and steel manufacturers.
Energy
Energy activity increased moderately across the Tenth
District in recent weeks. Access to credit expanded in
recent months, and most firms expected credit availability to expand further in the next six months. Higher crude
oil and natural gas prices led regional firms to report
higher profitability compared to late 2021, supporting
access to credit. Prices rose significantly and production
continued to rise. More oil and gas firms reported increasing jobs than at any time since 2014, and wages
and benefits have also risen considerably. Several contacts also noted that rising prices for steel and the unavailability of piping inhibited production growth. The
invasion of Ukraine, and a disruption to imports, further
constrained the availability of pipe needed for drilling
activities. Higher labor and materials costs led firms to
report increases in the oil price levels necessary for a
substantial increase in drilling to occur. Overall, the
number of active rigs in the District increased slightly
since February.
Growth in planned capital expenditures has not kept up
with growth in overall production in recent months, expanding only at a modest pace. Several businesses
highlighted cash flow constraints on investment activity.
Strains in transportation prompted more suppliers to
require upfront payment, rather than upon delivery.
Alongside delays in production and sales, cash flows
available for investment became less abundant.
Agriculture
The Tenth District farm economy remained strong alongside elevated commodity prices, but volatility and uncertainty in global markets emerged as a risk for the sector.
The price of wheat and corn increased rapidly, and soybean prices increased modestly in March as the conflict
in Ukraine led to expectations of substantial disruptions
in global production and trade activity. The turmoil also
led to rapid increases in the price of major inputs such as
fuel and agricultural fertilizers. While crop prices supported farm revenues, concerns about the cost and availability of agricultural inputs intensified, and higher feed
prices could also pressure profit margins for livestock
producers. In addition, surging grain prices increased
costs for food processing facilities in the District. ■
Real Estate and Construction
Demand for construction of multifamily and single-family
housing continued to grow at a robust pace. Development of single-family housing projects proceeded with
most being completely pre-sold. New construction of
multifamily housing faced challenges in securing financing as the repricing of both debt service costs and construction costs were occurring too rapidly to settle terms
on lending. Housing markets remained extremely tight,
with demand growth outpacing the inventory of new
homes available for sale.
For more information about District economic conditions visit:
www.KansasCityFed.org/research/regional-research
J-2
Federal Reserve Bank of
Dallas
The Beige Book ■ April 2022
Summary of Economic Activity
Expansion in the Eleventh District economy accelerated during the reporting period as the impact of the Omicron wave
faded. Most notably, growth in nonfinancial services, particularly the leisure and hospitality sector, strengthened. Manufacturing output growth was solid, while retail sales dipped slightly. Loan demand increased strongly, and home sales
remained solid despite a spike in mortgage rates. Activity in the energy sector expanded further in part due to the recent
run-up in energy prices, while worsening drought hampered agricultural conditions. Employment rose robustly, and
wage growth continued to be highly elevated due to labor market tightness. Supply-chain issues remained acute, driving
up input and selling prices. Outlooks were mixed, and uncertainty climbed, with rising concern about the effects on
future growth of escalating geopolitical tensions, climbing wages, rising interest rates, inflation, lingering supply-chain
disruptions, and labor shortages.
prices that were valid for less than 24 hours, making it
difficult to process both existing and new orders. Sustained pricing pressures were impacting small firms more
than large firms, and a contact noted that large discount
retailers were fining suppliers for late or incomplete
deliveries. Transportation costs surged, and there were
widespread reports of transportation firms raising rates
and/or instituting fuel surcharges. Airline contacts said
air fares have increased recently, and they plan to add
surcharges due to the spike in fuel prices.
Labor Markets
Employment expanded strongly, with job gains widespread across sectors. Worker shortages remained
endemic, and many firms noted continued difficulties in
hiring and/or retaining employees, particularly those in
the healthcare, IT, and education sectors. One contact
noted an uptick in workers being poached by large tech
companies offering sizable (up to 50 percent) salary
increases. Nearly two-fifths of the more than 300 Texas
business executives responding to a Dallas Fed March
survey cited staffing shortages as a key restraint to
revenue growth.
Manufacturing
Expansion in the Texas manufacturing sector continued
at a solid pace, despite enduring supply-chain issues
and labor challenges. Output growth was led by durable
goods such as machinery and construction materials
manufacturing. Strength was also seen in high-tech,
fabricated metals, and food manufacturing. Gulf Coast
refinery utilization rate rose to 93.8 percent in March
supported in part by surging margins. Manufacturing
outlooks were mixed as uncertainty arising from geopolitical tensions, inflation, high energy prices, supply-chain
delays, and labor shortages weighed on manufacturers’
sentiment.
Wage growth remained at or near record highs, driven
largely by labor shortages. Firms said that workers were
looking for higher compensation, better benefits, and
increased flexibility to work from home. According to the
above-mentioned March survey, Texas businesses
expect wages to rise by 6.9 percent on average this
year, after increasing 7 percent in 2021.
Prices
Input and selling prices continued to increase at a rapid
clip. Contacts cited supply-chain issues, rising wages,
and/or high energy prices as mainly driving the rising
costs. A manufacturer commented that many vendors
were either not providing price quotes or were quoting
K-1
Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas
Retail Sales
historic highs. While investment sales activity remained
robust, rising rates were noted as a headwind.
Retailers reported a slight reduction in overall sales in
March due to low inventories and ongoing challenges
with supply chains. A wholesaler in food services noted
difficulty sourcing proteins, and auto dealers cited continued declines in sales stemming from low inventories,
particularly for new vehicles. Availability of auto parts
was also cited as a factor hampering revenues in the
auto repair side of the business. In contrast, contacts in
the Rio Grande Valley noted that an increase in border
crossings had boosted retail traffic in the area. Overall,
however, outlooks were pessimistic, with continued
concern regarding supply side stresses.
Financial Services
Loan demand continued to increase at a robust pace
over the past six weeks, despite a sharp rise in loan
pricing. Loan volume increases spanned lending types,
and growth remained strongest for commercial real
estate loans. Nonperforming loans continued to decrease, and credit standards and terms tightened slightly. Contacts expressed concerns about the effects of
interest rate increases, inflation, rising wages, and staffing shortages. Respondents expect increases in loan
demand and decreases in nonperforming loans over the
next six months. While general business activity continued to improve, expectations for six months from now
were mixed.
Nonfinancial Services
Activity in the service sector accelerated after slowing in
the previous reporting period due to the Omicron surge.
Revenue growth was robust and broad-based, with
strong increases seen in the leisure and hospitality,
transportation and warehousing, other services, and
professional and business services sectors. Staffing
firms noted continued strong demand, particularly for
healthcare and IT workers. Air travel picked up during
the reporting period, with demand primarily driven by
leisure travel, particularly spring break travelers, though
business travel ticked up as well. A major Texas seaport
continued to post strong increases in container traffic,
and air cargo shipments also rose. Service-sector outlooks were less optimistic due to increased uncertainty
surrounding the impact of the Russia-Ukraine war on
inflation and supply-chain issues and concerns surrounding new COVID variants and labor shortages.
Energy
Oilfield activity increased during the reporting period,
with the Eleventh District rig count climbing further and
oil and natural gas production rising. Many upstream
contacts said their firm's oil production will expand this
year, with smaller firms expected to ramp up activity at a
faster pace than larger ones. Lead times for machinery
orders were extended, and oilfield equipment manufacturers and servicers said that capacity remained constrained due to labor shortages and supply side challenges. While uncertainty surged, outlooks were optimistic, bolstered by strong consumer demand and expectations of limited global supply growth this year.
Agriculture
Drought continued to worsen across much of the district,
hampering agricultural conditions. Higher input costs—
including fuel, fertilizer, and machinery—are pinching the
financial position of many agricultural producers. While
higher crop prices can help alleviate some of the financial pressure, it remains to be seen if prices will still be
high at harvest time when producers have a crop to sell,
and drought risk is deterring many from forward contracting at current prices. On the livestock side, cattle prices
have been flat to down over the past six weeks and feed
costs have risen sharply, and as a result some herd
culling has begun. ■
Construction and Real Estate
Activity in the housing market remained solid, despite a
sharp rise in mortgage rates. There were scattered reports of slowing traffic, which contacts attributed to rate
sensitivity, but by and large sales were holding up well. A
few builders noted providing closing cost incentives that
could be used by buyers to buy down rates. Prices continued to trend upward, keeping pace with rising costs.
Operational challenges were ongoing, keeping new
home supply limited. Outlooks were cautiously optimistic,
with contacts expressing concern about the impact of
rising mortgage rates and higher home prices on affordability and future sales.
Apartment leasing remained solid, further bolstering
occupancy and rents, and contacts foresee continued
strong growth in rents. On the commercial side, office
leasing was slowly bouncing back from the COVIDinduced slump, pushing down vacancy rates. The retail
market continued to see measurable gains in absorption,
and industrial construction and demand remained near
For more information about District economic conditions visit:
www.dallasfed.org/research/texas
K-2
Federal Reserve Bank of
San Francisco
The Beige Book ■ April 2022
Summary of Economic Activity
Economic activity in the Twelfth District expanded at a moderate pace during the reporting period of mid-February
through March. Employment levels expanded, accompanied by higher wages. Overall labor market conditions remained
tight. Price levels significantly increased, driven by growing costs and labor shortages. Retail sales and activity in the
consumer and business services sector continued to expand, as local economies lifted COVID-related restrictions.
Conditions in the agriculture and resource sectors strengthened a bit, while the manufacturing sector improved somewhat. Activity in the residential real estate market remained strong, while commercial real estate activity improved slightly. Lending activity was little changed over the reporting period.
Labor Markets
materials, labor, and shipping, expanded considerably
and resulted in higher prices for final goods and services. Additional price pressures were reported in services, including banking, legal services, housekeeping,
and repair. Oil and gas prices spiked following the onset
of the war in Ukraine, directly impacting the costs of fuel
and transportation. Contacts from the airline industry
expected higher air transportation prices over the next
few years due to continued expected increases in fuel
prices. Steel manufacturing saw sharp increases in the
prices of raw materials. Agriculture was also impacted by
the war due to the sizable increases in fertilizer costs.
Labor markets remained tight over the reporting period.
A combination of rising wage demands and reported lack
of qualified candidates for both low- and high-skilled
positions led to substantial worker shortages. Contacts in
Alaska and Hawaii mentioned that migration out of their
states further contributed to smaller pools of workers.
The sectors reporting extreme difficulties filling positions
include food services, hospitality, and health services. A
few contacts highlighted the airline industry’s staffing
struggles, resulting in a notable reduction of flights. Firm
contacts across sectors reported higher rates of employee turnover and early retirements and workers asking for
higher pay, better benefits, and more work flexibility.
Contacts also reported that more employees, particularly
in larger companies, sought to unionize. In search for
workers, the hospitality industry planned on hiring more
foreign exchange students over the summer as well as
younger workers.
Retail Trade and Services
Retail sales remained strong. Consumers continued to
purchase goods at a high rate despite inflationary pressures. However, sales growth of durable goods such as
electronics and vehicles has slowed as rising food and
energy prices have eaten away at household budgets.
Understaffing continued to be an issue for hospitality,
food, and retail trade.
Wage pressures remained high across all sectors. Contacts reported budgeting wage increases by an average
of 5% for the current fiscal year. Contacts in health care
and financial services noted even higher wage increases. Nonetheless, one contact in banking mentioned
steady wages following adjustments made last year.
Spending activity in the consumer and business services
sector trended up, as Omicron infections declined, and
local economies continued to lift COVID-related restrictions. Contacts from the hospitality industry noted
robust demand for leisure travel and dining. Professional
events and conventions slowly returned to being held in
person but are not yet at pre-pandemic levels of attendance. Demand for air travel recovered further and, in
some cases, outpaced pre-pandemic numbers, particu-
Prices
Prices grew notably over the reported period. Widespread price increases for food, housing, and energy
were mentioned. Manufacturing costs, notably for raw
L-1
Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco
larly for flights to Las Vegas and Hawaii. Some new
restaurants opened to replace some of those that had
closed down during the pandemic, as noted by a contact
from the food industry in California. At the same time,
many service providers, such as in travel and hospitality,
continued to face labor shortages. A contact in legal
services noted demand for talent had stabilized.
try reported declining production of certain oil derivatives, which could add additional price pressures. The
recent surge of oil prices to elevated levels is expected
to persist.
Real Estate and Construction
Residential real estate demand remained strong despite
historically high prices and rising mortgage rates. Nonetheless, some contacts mentioned that they expect a
slowdown in demand due to increasing mortgage rates.
Widespread price surges are not limited to house sales,
but also include rentals of single- and multi-family houses and apartment Supply chain disruptions caused uncertainty in material costs, forcing contractors in Alaska
to limit bids to three days. Contributing to soaring housing prices were higher construction costs, lack of land
availability, and low housing inventory. As a result, there
is a severe housing shortage especially in California and
Alaska. One contact in California even noted that the
shortage of affordable housing is at crisis levels.
Manufacturing
Activity in the manufacturing sector improved somewhat,
and demand remained strong across the District. Packaging and renewable energy contacts reported notable
growth for new orders. Many manufacturers are near
capacity, and some reported order backlogs. Production
continued to be affected by labor shortages and supply
chain disruptions including the impact from the more
recent COVID-19 outbreaks in China. Nevertheless, a
contact from California mentioned a somewhat better
ability to hire workers. Some manufacturers noted adjusting to a new normal by investing in automation to
reduce their reliance on labor supply, increasing precautionary stockpiles of parts and supplies, and reshoring
more of their production to counteract supply chain disruptions. The recent surge in fuel prices brought new
concerns regarding shipping and distribution costs.
Commercial real estate activity picked up somewhat over
the reported period. Hybrid and remote work slowed
down the recovery of office, retail, and hotel sectors.
Commercial sales ticked up. Construction of multi-use
properties began to rise as noted by a contact in Utah.
Another contact from the Pacific Northwest mentioned
high crime rates hindering the recovery path for commercial real estate in metropolitan areas.
Agriculture and Resource-Related Industries
Conditions in the agriculture and resource sectors
strengthened a bit. Strong demand for regional agricultural products contributed to elevated food prices that
are expected to continue to rise. At the same time, input
cost increases also accelerated with one contact projecting most farmers to break even as the best scenario this
year. Greater costs were attributed to higher expenses
for fertilizer, labor, and fuel. A stronger dollar contributed
to a decline in agricultural exports over the first quarter of
2022. Additionally, multiple contacts reported periodic
disruptions in agricultural exports due to lack of shipping
containers and port congestion. Transportation costs
were reported to increase two-fold over the last year.
While these disruptions are expected to subside, many
believed that prices will remain elevated relative to the
pre-pandemic level. A contact from the petroleum indus-
Financial Institutions
Lending activity remained unchanged on balance. Consumer and commercial loans increased somewhat, while
demand for residential mortgages edged down due to
higher rates. Additionally, consumer mortgage loan
refinancing has started to slow down. The majority of
bankers report a very competitive environment that
prevents banks from raising rates on most lending products. Some banks have eased credit standards to compete for loan customers. Liquidity remained high, supported by a steady growth in deposits and lending. However, one contact in California noted slowing deposit
growth due to waning COVID relief payments. ■
L-2
Cite this document
Federal Reserve (2022, May 3). Beige Book. Beige Book, Federal Reserve. https://whenthefedspeaks.com/doc/beige_book_20220504
@misc{wtfs_beige_book_20220504,
author = {Federal Reserve},
title = {Beige Book},
year = {2022},
month = {May},
howpublished = {Beige Book, Federal Reserve},
url = {https://whenthefedspeaks.com/doc/beige_book_20220504},
note = {Retrieved via When the Fed Speaks corpus}
}