FOMC Minutes

A meeting of the Federal Open Market Committee was held in

the offices of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System

in Washington on Tuesday, March 6, 1956, at 10:00 a.m.

PRESENT:

Mr.

Mr.

Mr.

Mr.

Mr.

Martin, Chairman

Sproul, Vice Chairman

Balderston

Erickson

Johns

Mr. Mills

Mr.

Mr.

Mr.

Mr.

Mr.

Mr.

Powell

Robertson

Shepardson

Szymczak

Vardaman

Fulton, Alternate

Messrs. Bryan and Leedy, Alternate Members,

Federal Open Market Committee

Messrs. Leach, Irons, and Mangels, Presidents

of the Federal Reserve Banks of Richmond,

Dallas, and San Francisco, respectively

Mr. Riefler, Secretary

Mr. Thurston, Assistant Secretary

Mr. Vest, General Counsel

Mr. Solomon, Assistant General Counsel

Mr. Thomas, Economist

Messrs. Abbott, Parsons, Roelse, Willis,

and Young, Associate Economists

Mr. Rouse, Manager, System Open Market Account

Mr. Carpenter, Secretary, Board of Governors

Mr. Sherman, Assistant Secretary, Board of

Governors

Mr. Koch, Assistant Director, Division of

Research and Statistics, Board of Governors

Mr. Miller, Chief, Government Finance Section,

Division of Research and Statistics, Board

of Governors

Mr. Marsh, Manager, Securities Department,

Federal Reserve Bank of New York

Mr.

Riefler reported that advices of the election by the Federal

Reserve Banks for a period of one year commencing March 1, 1956, of

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3/6/56

members and alternate members of the Federal Open Market Committee had

been received, and that each newly elected member and alternate member

had executed the required oath of office,

Mr. Treiber,

except that in

the case of

the form for the oath had been sent to him in New York

where it was understood that he would execute it as an alternate mem

ber of the Committee.

The members and alternate members were as fol

lows:

J. A. Erickson, President of the Federal Reserve Bank of

Boston, with A. H. Williams, President of the Federal

Reserve Bank of Philadelphia, as alternate member;

Allan Sproul, President of the Federal Reserve Bank of

New York, with William F. Treiber, First Vice Presi

dent of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, as

alternate member;

W. D. Fulton, President of the Federal Reserve Bank of

Cleveland, as alternate member;

Delos C. Johns, President of the Federal Reserve Bank of

St. Louis, with Malcolm Bryan, President of the Fed

eral Reserve Bank of Atlanta, as alternate member;

Oliver S. Powell, President of the Federal Reserve Bank

of Minneapolis, with H. G. Leedy, President of the

Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, as alternate

member.

Upon motion duly made and seconded,

and by unanimous votes, the following

officers of the Federal Open Market Com

mittee were elected to serve until the

election of their successors at the first

meeting of the Committee after February

28, 1957, with the understanding that in

the event of the discontinuance of their

official connectio with the Board of

Governors or with a Federal Reserve Bank,

as the case might be, they would cease to

have any official connection with the

Federal Open Market Committee:

3/6/56

Wm. McC. Martin, Jr.

Allan Sproul

Winfield W. Riefler

Elliott Thurston

George B. Vest

Frederic Solomon

Woodlief Thomas

Wm. J. Abbott, Jr., Franklin L.

Parsons, H. V. Roelse, Parker

B. Willis, and Ralph A. Young

Chairman

Vice Chairman

Secretary

Assistant Secretary

General Counsel

Assistant General Counsel

Economist

Associate Economists

Upon motion duly made and seconded,

and by unanimous vote, the Federal Reserve

Bank of New York was selected to execute

transactions for the System open market

account until the adjournment of the first

meeting of the Committee after February 28,

1957.

Mr.

Sproul stated that the Board of Directors of the Federal Re

serve Bank of New York had selected Mr. Rouse as Manager of the System

Open Market Account,

subject to the selection of the Federal Reserve Bank

of New York by the Federal Open Market Committee as the Bank to execute

transactions for the System account and his approval by the Federal Open

Market Committee.

Upon motion duly made and seconded,

and by unanimous vote, the selection of

Mr. Rouse as Manager of the System Open

Market Account was approved.

Chairman Martin stated that he was voting for approval of Mr.

Rouse as Manager of the System Open Market Account although he dis

approved of the procedure now followed by the Committee under which the

board of directors of the agent Federal Reserve Bank selects the manager.

There were no personalities involved in

this feeling, the Chairman said,

but he referred to the action of the Committee in

authorizing appointment

3/6/56

4-.

of a special committee at the meeting on March 2,

1955, to study and

bring back to the Committee concrete proposals for perfecting the

structural and operating organization that would best implement the

policies of the Federal Open Market Committee.

This Committee, he said,

had met with the Board of Directors of the New York Bank last November

but he, as Chairman of the committee, had not called a meeting since

that time partly, at least, because of pressure of other problems.

Chairman Martin said that he intended to continue the Committee ap

pointed pursuant to that authorization until it had a report to submit

to the full Committee, and in this connection he stated that he pro

posed to have a meeting of the committee on the day on which the next

meeting of the Federal Open Market Committee (probably to be held on

Tuesday, March 27, 1956) took place.

Upon motion duly made and seconded,

and by unanimous vote, the minutes of the

meeting of the Federal Open Market Com

mittee held on February 15, 1956, were

approved.

Reference was made to a memorandum distributed with the agenda

for this meeting with respect to the procedure approved by the Committee

on March 2, 1955, whereby, in addition to members and officers of the

Committee and Reserve Bank Presidents not currently members of the Com

mittee, minutes and other records could be made available to any other

employee of the Board of Governors or of a Federal Reserve Bank with the

approval of a member of the Committee or another Reserve Bank President,

with notice to the Secretary.

The memorandum indicated the extent to

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-5

which such records were being made available, on the basis of advices

received by the Secretary, and suggested that following this meeting a

review be made by the members of the Committee and the Reserve Bank

Presidents of the persons authorized to have access to the records, with

proper notice to the Secretary of any changes that should be made in

existing authorizations.

It was agreed that no change should

be made at this time in the procedure for

giving access to minutes and other records

of the Federal Open Market Committee.

In

taking this action, it was understood that

following this meeting the Secretary would

be informed of any changes that should be

made in the existing authorizations.

Chairman Martin commented on the traditional care with which

minutes and other records of the Open Market Committee were handled,

noting that there was a problem of how to train additional persons in

the System so that they would be prepared to carry out the activities

of the Federal Open Market Committee.

secrecy regarding its

The Committee wanted to maintain

discussions and activities, but it

also should

encourage the development of as much talent as possible for this work

throughout the System.

This was a responsibility within the province

of each member of the Committee,

the Chairman noted, and each individual

who attended the meetings must judge the extent to which Committee

discussions should be passed on to others.

He was inclined to think,

Chairman Martin said, that there might have been more secrecy or re

striction in

handling some of the open market materials and discussions

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-6

at some of the Federal Reserve Banks and at the Board than was neces

sary in order to maintain the confidential nature of the Committee's

operations.

This might have limited the development of knowledge on

the part of additional individuals in the System undesirably.

Chairman

Martin said that he was not suggesting any change in procedure which

would result in

in

lack of judicious use of the materials or information

the discussions at the meetings,

and he noted that in

the past there

had been some unfortunate "leaks" regarding Committee discussions and

decisions.

However,

not be furthered if

he felt that the likelihood of such leaks would

the individual Committee members saw fit

to make

materials available to selected additional persons for training purposes.

Chairman Martin referred to the resolution adopted by the Fed

eral Open Market Committee on November 20, 1936, authorizing each Re

serve Bank to purchase and sell, at home and abroad, cable transfers

and bills of exchange and bankers'

acceptances payable in foreign cur

rencies, to the extent that such purchases and sales may be deemed to

be necessary or advisable in

connection with the establishment, mainte

nance, operation, increase, reduction, or discontinuance of accounts of

Federal Reserve Banks in

foreign countries.

It was agreed unanimously that no

action should be taken at this time to

amend or terminate the resolution of

November 20, 1936.

Before this meeting there had been sent to the members of the

Committee a memorandum dated February 23, 1956, from Mr. Rouse and Mr.

Leonard, Director of the Board's Division of Bank Operations, with

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-7

respect to the allocation of securities in the System open market

account among the several Federal Reserve Banks,

place on April 2,

as it

would take

1956, under the formula which became effective

September 1, 1953.

This formula provided for percentage allocations

to each Federal Reserve Bank based on the ratio of total assets of

each Bank to total assets of all

Reserve Banks computed on a daily

average basis during the twelve months ending in February.

It was agreed unanimously that

no action should be taken at this time

to amend or terminate the procedure for

allocation of securities in the System

open market account which was adopted

pursuant to the action of the Committee

at its meeting on June 11, 1953.

Chairman Martin noted that authority had been given to the

Chairman of the Committee at the meeting on March 1, 1951, and renewed

in

March of each year since that time, to appoint a Federal Reserve

Bank as agent to operate the System account temporarily in

Federal Reserve Bank of New York was unable to function.

case the

The report

of the Subcommittee on Defense Planning dated January 9, 1956, which

was approved by the Federal Open Market Committee on January 10, 1956,

included a recommendation that this authorization be reaffirmed.

The authority of the Chairman to

appoint a Federal Reserve Bank as agent

to operate the account temporarily in

case the Federal Reserve Bank of New

York was unable to function was re

affirmed by unanimous vote.

Unanimous approval was given to

distribution of the weekly report of

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-8open market operations prepared at the

Federal Reserve Bank of New York as

follows:

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

The members of the Board of Governors.

The Presidents of the 12 Federal Reserve Banks.

Officers of the Federal Open Market Committee.

The Secretary of the Treasury.

The Under Secretary of the Treasury.

The Assistant Secretary of the Treasury working on

debt management problems.

The Fiscal Assistant Secretary of the Treasury.

The Chief of the Division of Bank Operations of the

Board of Governors.

The officer in charge of research at each of the Fed

eral Reserve Banks which is not represented by its

President on the Federal Open Market Committee.

The alternate member of the Federal Open Market Com

mittee from the Federal Reserve Bank of New York;

the Assistant Vice President of the Federal Reserve

Bank of New York working under the Manager of the

System Account; the Managers of the Securities De

partment of the New York Bank; the Vice President

in Charge and the Manager of the Research Depart

ment of the New York Bank; and the confidential

files of the New York Bank as agent for the Fed

eral Open Market Committee.

With the approval of a member of the Federal Open

Market Committee or any other President of a Fed

eral Reserve Bank, with notice to the Secretary,

any other employee of the Board of Governors or

of a Federal Reserve Bank.

Before this meeting there had been sent to the members of the

Committee a draft of authorization from the Federal Open Market Committee

to the Federal Reserve Bank of New York to purchase bankers'

acceptances.

This draft represented a revision of the authorization approved in prin

ciple at the meeting of the Committee on March 2, 1955, under which the

executive committee was given the authority to issue instructions to a

Federal Reserve Bank for such purchases when a resolution in a form

satisfactory to the executive committee had been prepared.

Such

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authorization was given by the executive committee to the Federal

Reserve Bank of New York, effective March 29, 1955; and under the

terms of the resolution abolishing the executive committee, adopted

at the meeting on June 22,

1955, that authorization by the executive

committee became an authorization of the full Committee.

The pro

posed resolution was drafted to continue as an authority from the

Committee to the New York Bank the existing provisions with respect

to purchases of bankers' acceptances.

Mr. Robertson said that he would oppose a renewal of the

existing authority with respect to bank acceptance policy.

In this

connection, he made a statement substantially as follows:

My views on this matter have not changed since a year

ago, when I voted against the proposal that the System pur

chase bank acceptances "at market rates of discount" and

maintain a portfolio of such acceptances.

Originally, the suggestion that we participate actively

in the bank acceptance market was based on the idea that this

market was impeded by "administered rate constriction" and

that the situation could be alleviated by modest purchases

at our initiative.

Upon further consideration this line of

reasoning was abandoned, and when the Committee adopted this

policy, in March 1955, it was for the stated purpose of

"showing the interest of the central banking organization in

this market."

In my opinion a fundamental principle of our policy

should be that the central bank should interfere with free

market forces only to the extent necessary to discharge our

responsibilities. We should stay out of market situations

unless it is clear that our participation will yield specific

When we stepped into the acceptance market there

benefits.

was no basis for thinking that action was necessary, and

there is no evidence that the maintenance of a Federal Re

serve portfolio of bank acceptances during the past year

We are properly

has aided the acceptance market in any way.

subject to the charge that we have meddled gratuitously in

a situation that did not need our participation.

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3/6/56

For these reasons, I propose that the Federal Reserve

System withdraw from active participation in the acceptance

market. I believe that we could better support and encourage

that market, if that be our aim, by standing ready to pur

chase acceptances at published rates that ordinarily would

be a fraction above corresponding market rates.

However,

even such action is not warranted at this time.

Chairman Martin called for comments from other members of the

Committee,

and in response to a question from Mr. Balderston, Mr. Rouse

referred to a memorandum prepared at the Federal Reserve Bank of New

York under date of March 5, 1956, and distributed to the members of

the Committee at the beginning of this meeting reviewing the results

of System bankers' acceptance operations to date.

Mr. Rouse commented

briefly on the report, noting that a desire to increase flexibility of

rates was a prime reason for embarking on the present policy, and that

the System's activity in this market had contributed noticeably to

flexibility in acceptance rates. Also Mr. Rouse felt that this activity

had been of some help from the standpoint of dealers in acceptances.

The volume had been so small, however, that a great deal of importance

could not yet be attached to the operation. Mr. Rouse said that it was

hoped that there ultimately would be more widespread convertibility of

more currencies and, in his view, it would be worth while to continue

the existing authority for purchases of bankers' acceptances for the

purposes indicated at the time the authorization was approved a year

ago, namely, that the System should assist in the further development

of an acceptance market in the United States, with a view to improving

this country's means of financing foreign trade and the functioning of

an international money market.

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3/6/56

Chairman Martin noted that there had been no second to Mr.

Robertson's proposal that the Federal Reserve System withdraw from

active participation in the acceptance market.

Thereupon, upon motion duly made

and seconded, the following authoriza

tion was approved, Messrs. Martin, Sproul,

Balderston, Erickson, Johns, Mills, Powell,

Shepardson, Szymczak, Vardaman, and Fulton,

voting for the resolution, and Mr. Robertson

voting "no" for the reasons indicated:

The Federal Open Market Committee hereby authorizes the

Federal Reserve Bank of New York for its own account to buy

from and sell to acceptance dealers, at market rates of dis

count, prime bankers' acceptances of the kinds designated in

the regulations of the Federal Open Market Committee, at such

times and in such amounts as may be advisable and consistent

with the general credit policies and instructions of the Fed

eral Open Market Committee, provided that the aggregate amount

of such bankers' acceptances held at any one time by the Fed

eral Reserve Bank of New York shall not exceed $25 million.

The Federal Open Market Committee further authorizes the

Federal Reserve Bank of New York to enter into repurchase agree

ments with nonbank dealers in bankers' acceptances covering

prime bankers' acceptances of the kinds designated in the regu

lations of the Federal Open Market Committee, subject to the

same conditions on which the Federal Reserve Bank of New York

is now or may hereafter be authorized from time to time by the

Federal Open Market Committee to enter into repurchase agree

ments covering United States Government securities, except

that the maturities of such bankers' acceptances at the time

of entering into such repurchase agreements shall not exceed

six months and except that in the event of the failure of

the seller to repurchase, such acceptances shall continue to

be held by the Federal Reserve Bank or shall be sold in the

open market. Such repurchase agreements shall be at the

same rate as that applicable, at the time of entering into

such agreements, to repurchase agreements covering United

States Government securities.

On July 20, 1954, the executive committee of the Federal Open

Market Committee,

pursuant to the authority given that committee to

arrange for transactions for the System open market account with a view,

among other things,

"to the practical administration of the account,

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authorized the Manager of the System Account to engage in purchase

and sale transactions in the market for "cash," i.e.,

for delivery

and payment on the same day as that on which the transaction was

executed.

Previously, transactions had been limited to "regular"

or next-day delivery, which prevented the System from making the

most efficient use of its facilities in meeting all situations which

might arise, particularly those which developed suddenly or which

might be impossible to predict very far in

advance.

This authoriza

tion, which became an authorization of the full Committee at the time

the executive committee was abolished on June 22, 1955, was in addition

to the procedure for "regular" transactions and did not contemplate

that all System transactions would be on a cash basis.

In response to a question from Mr. Vardaman, Mr. Rouse stated

that the authority for cash transactions had been used quite actively

in recent months.

While he did not have precise figures of the pro

portionate volume of transactions engaged in on a cash or regular

delivery basis, Mr.

Rouse expressed the opinion that the substantial

use that had been made of the procedure for completing transactions

for delivery and payment on the same day had been of definite assist

ance in improving the techniques of operations for the System account.

Unanimous approval was given to the

continuance without change of the under

standing that the Manager of the System

Account was authorized to engage in trans

actions for either cash delivery or regular

delivery.

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-13

Chairman Martin next referred to certain statements of operat

ing policies or procedures which had been adopted in 1953 and reaffirmed

in 1954

and 1955, and inquired whether there was agreement that the

following statement of policy with respect to operations for the System

account, listed as item "a" under topic 7 of the agenda for this meet

ing, should be continued:

It is not now the policy of the Committee to support any

pattern of prices and yields in the Government securities

market, and intervention in the Government securities market

is solely to effectuate the objectives of monetary and credit

policy (including correction of disorderly markets).

It was agreed unanimously that the

foregoing statement of operating policy

should be continued without change.

Chairman Martin then referred to the following additional state

ments of operating policy, listed as items "b" and "c" under topic 7 of

the agenda, inquiring whether the Committee desired that they be re

affirmed at this time:

b.

Operations for the System account in the open market,

other than repurchase agreements, shall be confined

to short-term securities (except in the correction of

disorderly markets), and during a period of Treasury

financing there shall be no purchases of (1) maturing

issues for which an exchange is being offered, (2)

when-issued securities, or (3) outstanding issues of

comparable maturities to those being offered for

exchange; these policies to be followed until such

time as they may be superseded or modified by further

action of the Federal Open Market Committee.

c.

Transactions for the System account in the open market

shall be entered into solely for the purpose of provid

ing or absorbing reserves (except in the correction of

disorderly markets), and shall not include offsetting

purchases and sales of securities for the purpose of

3/6/56

-14altering the maturity pattern of the System's port

folio; such policy to be followed until such time

as it may be superseded or modified by further action

of the Federal Open Market Committee.

Mr. Sproul stated that he had reexamined his views concerning

the continuing operating policies adopted by the Committee during the

past three years as listed under item 7 of the agenda for this meeting,

and that he was still opposed in principle and in practice to these

operating rules which confine our ordinary operations to short-term

Government securities, and which forbid transactions in

certain securi

ties at times of Treasury financing and offsetting sales and purchases

of securities, until such time as these rules may be superseded by

further action of the Committee.

Mr. Sproul continued his statement

on this subject substantially as follows:

Whatever justification there may have been for such

continuing rules, when first enacted, would seem to me to

have disappeared with adoption of a program which brings

together the full Committee every three weeks, and places

it directly in relation with the operating bank, without

the intermediary of an executive committee. There is no

longer need, if there ever was, for the Committee to con

tinue to pass these ordinances of self denial, which tend

to inhibit freedom of discussion and action by the Com

mittee, and to generate complaint and criticism by some

sectors of the market and by some of those in public life

when current circumstance dictates action by the Committee

to supersede its continuing rules. This will be increasingly

so, I think, as time passes and it is more and more for

gotten that these experimental rules are only in effect until

superseded by further action of the Committee.

Now that we have the means of regularly determining

policy every three weeks, or oftener if special circumstances

require it, and of keeping in touch with operations from day

to day through telephone and wire reports, it seems to me

that it would be better to remove these particular continuing

operating policies from the record (paragraphs b and c of

item 7 of the agenda), and to discuss the matters with which

they are concerned whenever we meet and whenever any member

of the Committee or the Manager of the System Open Market

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Account thinks that the current situation suggests a

possible deviation from the practices of the past three

years.

What I am getting at here is to try to introduce

some greater flexibility into our thinking, to dispel

the idea inside and outside the System that we are frozen

in a pattern, and to create an atmosphere which will en

courage rather than discourage discussion of these im

portant operating problems. It is significant, I think,

that there has been no real discussion of these continu

ing operating policies, other than formal yes and no

votes, for many months.

I may have contributed to this

by suggesting a period of study of these rules in practice.

I hope to present to the Committee, shortly, the results

of my own study and I would also hope that this will

stimulate a re-examination of our position on the part of

all members of the Committee.

Mr. Mills stated that he would like to open the rebuttal to Mr.

Sproul's argument by expressing the opinion that the best proof of the

efficacy of the policy set out in

"section (b) of continuing operating

policies" lies in the tested experience of the past three years.

experience,

This

he said, has demonstrated very clearly that this policy, in

facilitating attainment of the System's general objectives, has also

clarified to the market what can be expected in the way of positive

System action at the time of a Treasury financing operation.

The remainder of Mr.

Mills'

statement was substantially as fol

lows:

Mr. Sproul has pointed out--and I have great

sympathy for his point of view--that there is a danger

that rigid adherence to the principles set forth in

section (b) can become like something carved on graven

stone that can never afterwards be changed. However,

we would be failing in our duties as members of the

Federal Open Market Committee were we ever to allow

ourselves to drift into so inert an attitude. My

confidence in the membership of this Committee is in

surance enough against so remote a possibility.

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The wording of section (b) distinctly sets out that

this policy remains in effect solely at the discretion of

the Open Market Committee and is subject to change when

ever required, either in the event of urgency or following

deliberative discussions. On the question of emergency or

deliberative decisions, surely the Open Market Committee

should always strive to be a deliberative body whose readi

ness for reaching quick decisions is helped and not hindered

by reliance on time-tested principles. We have learned

recently in a rather difficult period that occasions can

arise requiring hurried meetings of the Committee and risk

ing hasty decisions. It seems to me that abiding by a

proven principle, like that of section (b), in serving to

preserve the deliberative process for the Open Market Com

mittee, affords protection against hasty decisions that can

result in undesirable policy deviations. In my opinion,

the rare occasion calling for a deviation from the policy

contained in section (b) has yet to be witnessed, although

it is of course possible of occurrence.

Mr. Erickson recalled the discussions of these operating policies

in

1953 and the fact that he had joined Mr.

Sproul in voting in December

1953 to add to the statement of procedure for confining operations to

short-term securities and avoiding transactions in securities involved

in

a Treasury financing, a clause which would have provided that the

policy be followed until the next meeting of the Federal Open Market

Committee.

He also had voted against the statement of policy preclud

ing offsetting purchases and sales of securities for the purposes of

altering the maturity pattern of the System's portfolio.

Mr. Erickson

went on to say that he would like to see more flexibility in these

matters.

He noted that the statements under discussion had been

adopted by the Committee in

1953, That they had been reaffirmed in

March of 1954 and again in March of 1955, and they were now being

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presented again without having been changed in the interim.

Mr.

Erickson questioned the meaning of the concluding clauses of the

two statements under discussion which provide that the policies be

followed until such time as they may be superseded or modified by

further action of the Committee.

He said that reaction of the

financial community and the financial press to last November's de

viation from the policy against purchases of securities involved

in

a Treasury financing made it

apparent that dealers and others

had come to look upon these as inflexible statements of procedure.

This had resulted in

the opinion that it

confusion, Mr.

Erickson said, and he expressed

would be desirable for the Committee to give

consideration to these procedures at frequent meetings and not to

permit them to be set as policies to be followed more or less for

all time.

He thought a situation would arise again when the Com

mittee would wish to depart from the statements of policy.

Chairman Martin responded that the statements of policy

could be called up for discussion at every meeting if

sired.

that was de

He did not think the Committee should abandon the statements

and have no policy guidance from one meeting to another.

Chairman

Martin also expressed the view that Mr. Sproul's suggestion that the

statements be removed from the record because there was a means of

regularly determining policy every three weeks did not seem appli

cable since, with discontinuance of the executive committee, each

member of the Committee was now privileged to bring any of these

3/6/56

-18

questions up for discussion at every meeting, now ordinarily held

at three-week intervals.

He would not object to having the minutes

indicate that members were encouraged to bring these matters up for

discussion, but he felt that the Committee should give an indication

as to what its

general policy should be on the matters dealt with by

the statements.

Mr.

Sproul stated that he disagreed with Mr.

Mills.

He did

not think the present operating policies had contributed to the effec

tiveness of credit policy.

This was primarily perhaps because they

had not, as the Committee was encouraged to believe, contributed to

the better functioning of the Government securities market in the way

that was supposed to have resulted.

With respect to Chairman Martin's

comment that the statements could be brought up for discussion at each

meeting,

Mr. Sproul said that their adoption as continuing policies had

proved to be a "wet blanket" on discussion despite the last clause in

the "b" and "c" statements; there had been a tendency for members of

the Committee to be divided into rigid groups with their minds made

up either for or against the policy.

Removal of the statements would

not mean that the Committee would not have any policy between meetings,

Mr. Sproul said:

that would make it

it

could adopt the same statement but with a wording

clear that the Committee would constantly be

affirmatively taking action to continue the statement rather than to

have the statement in a form which indicated it

to be a policy that

could only be changed under the most urgent circumstances.

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-19

During the ensuing discussion, Mr. Balderston suggested

that perhaps the substance of statement "b" should be looked upon

as guidance to current actions and included in

the directives to be

issued to the Federal Reserve Bank of New York as agent for the

System account at each meeting.

He was not suggesting a change at

this time but felt that such a change might be considered at a

later meeting.

Chairman Martin said that he would like to make the point

that consideration of the substance of these statements had not gone

for three years without being reaffirmed:

Mr. Sproul had seen to it

that the Committee had had discussions of the statements at intervals,

and there had been public discussions of the statements with the re

sult that they had been constantly under re-examination.

Martin said that they should be re-examined.

Chairman

However, he felt that

the Committee itself had been responsible for getting the statements

into a framework where more importance was attached to them than was

warranted--an importance that would not have developed if

mittee had not been in

the statements,

so much disagreement within itself

the Com

regarding

and drawn more public attention to them than was

justified.

Mr.

Leach felt that one of the problems was the drawing of a

line between a public record of credit policy and statements having

to do with operating practices or procedures which need not go into

a public record.

He recognized the difficulty of drawing a line

3/6/56

-20

between these two but hoped that the policy record could more and

more be a record of credit policy actions or decisions, and less

and less a record relating to operating techniques or practices.

Mr.

Bryan felt

that the discussion this morning was largely

on matters of form rather than substance.

need a constitution,

policies were needed.

ment that existed in

The Committee might not

but some general rules as to its

operating

The real problem was the fundamental disagree

the Committee regarding the substance of the

statements under discussion.

He thought it

doubtful that all members

of the Committee would ever agree on each of the statements of pro

cedures being discussed.

After further discussion, Mr.

Mills moved that the Committee re

affirm the statements of operating

procedure as set forth under "b" and

"c" above, pending whatever study the

Committee might decide to make along

the lines suggested by Messrs.

Balderston and Sproul.

There was a long discussion of Mr.

Mr.

Mills'

motion, during which

Shepardson raised the question when consideration would be given to

the substance of these statements.

He noted that reference to them had

been made at a number of meetings within the past year, and he expressed

the hope that a full scale discussion of their substance could be had

at an early meeting.

In

the course of the discussion, Mr.

suggestion was accepted by Mr.

Vardaman suggested and the

Mills, that the last clause of Mr.

Mills'

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3/6/56

motion be eliminated in order to make clear that at this point the

Committee was voting only on the question whether to reaffirm the

statements in their present form.

After further discussion, Mr. Mills'

amended motion was put by the Chair and

carried, Messrs. Martin, Balderston,

Erickson, Johns, Mills, Powell, Robertson,

Shepardson, Szymczak, Vardaman, and Fulton

voting for the motion, and Mr. Sproul vot

ing "no" for the reasons he had indicated.

In a further discussion of the suggestions for re-examination

of the continuing operating policies listed above as "b" and "c", it

was agreed that the agenda for the next meeting of the Committee, to

be held on Tuesday, March 27, 1956, would provide for a full discus

sion of suggestions to be submitted to the Secretary regarding pro

cedures that might be followed in reviewing these statements, as re

affirmed at this meeting.

At Chairman Martin's request, Mr. Vest commented on drafts

of two resolutions which would carry out paragraph A-1, D, E, K, and L

of the report of the Subcommittee on Defense Planning dated January 9,

1956, and approved by the Committee on January 10, 1956.

Mr. Vest

stated that one of the resolutions would provide for the continued

operation of the Committee during an emergency, while the other would

authorize certain actions by Federal Reserve Banks during an emergency.

Mr. Robertson stated that in his opinion the drafts of resolu

tions carried out satisfactorily the recommendations contained in the

report of the Subcommittee on the matters covered by the resolutions,

3/6/56

-22-

and Mr. Sproul concurred in this view.

Thereupon, upon motion duly made

and seconded, unanimous approval was

given to the following resolutions:

RESOLUTION OF THE FEDERAL OPEN MARKET COMMITTEE TO PROVIDE

FOR THE CONTINUED OPERATION OF THE COMMITTEE DURING AN EMERGENCY

In the event of war or defense emergency if the Secretary

or Assistant Secretary of the Federal Open Market Committee (or

in the event of the unavailability of both of them, the Secretary

or Acting Secretary of the Board of Governors of the Federal Re

serve System) certifies that as a result of the emergency the

available number of regular members and regular alternates of

the Federal Open Market Committee is less than seven, all powers

and functions of the said Committee shall be performed and exer

cised by, and authority to exercise such powers and functions is

hereby delegated to, an Interim Committee, subject to the follow

ing terms and conditions.

Such Interim Committee shall consist of seven members, com

prising each regular member and regular alternate of the Federal

Open Market Committee then available, together with an additional

number, sufficient to make a total of seven, which shall be made

up in the following order of priority from those available: (1)

each alternate at large (as defined below); (2) each President

of a Federal Reserve Bank not then either a regular member or an

alternate; (3) each First Vice President of a Federal Reserve Bank;

provided that (a) within each of the groups referred to in clauses

(1), (2), and (3) priority of selection shall be in numerical

order according to the numbers of the Federal Reserve Districts,

(b) the President and the First Vice President of the same Fed

eral Reserve Bank shall not serve at the same time as members of

the Interim Committee, and (c) whenever a regular member or

regular alternate of the Federal Open Market Committee or a

person having a higher priority as indicated in clauses (1),

(2), and (3) becomes available he shall become a member of the

Interim Committee in the place of the person then on the Interim

Committee having the lowest priority. The Interim Committee is

hereby authorized to take action by majority vote of those

present whenever one or more members thereof are present, pro

vided that an affirmative vote for the action taken is cast by

at least one regular member, regular alternate, or President

of a Federal Reserve Bank. The delegation of authority and

other procedures set forth above shall be effective only during

such period or periods as there are available less than a total

of seven regular members and regular alternates of the Federal

Open Market Committee.

3/6/56

-23

As used herein the term "regular member" refers to a

member of the Federal Open Market Committee duly appointed

or elected in accordance with existing law; the term "regular

alternate" refers to an alternate of the Committee duly elected

in accordance with existing law and serving in the absence of

the regular member for whom he was elected; and the term

"alternate at large" refers to any other duly elected alternate

of the Committee at a time when the member in whose absence he

was elected to serve is available.

RESOLUTION OF FEDERAL OPEN MARKET COMMITTEE AUTHORIZING

CERTAIN ACTIONS BY FEDERAL RESERVE BANKS DURING AN EMERGENCY

The Federal Open Market Committee hereby authorizes each Fed

eral Reserve Bank to take any or all of the actions set forth be

low during war or defense emergency when such Federal Reserve Bank

finds itself unable after reasonable efforts to be in communication

with the Federal Open Market Committee (or with the Interim Com

mittee acting in lieu of the Federal Open Market Committee) or when

the Federal Open Market Committee (or such Interim Committee) is

unable to function.

(1) Whenever it deems it necessary in the light of economic

conditions and the general credit situation then prevailing (after

taking into account the possibility of providing necessary credit

through advances secured by direct obligations of the United States

under the last paragraph of section 13 of the Federal Reserve Act),

such Federal Reserve Bank may purchase and sell obligations of the

United States for its own account, either outright or under re

purchase agreement, from and to banks, dealers or other holders of

such obligations.

(2) In case any prospective seller of obligations of the

United States to a Federal Reserve Bank is unable to tender the

actual securities representing such obligations because of condi

tions resulting from the emergency, such Federal Reserve Bank may,

in its discretion and subject to such safeguards as it deems

necessary, accept from such seller, in lieu of the actual securi

ties, a "due bill" executed by the seller in form acceptable to

such Federal Reserve Bank stating in substantial effect that the

seller is the owner of the obligations which are the subject of

the purchase, that ownership of such obligations is thereby trans

ferred to the Federal Reserve Bank, and that the obligations

themselves will be delivered to the Federal Reserve Bank as soon

as possible.

(3) Such Federal Reserve Bank may in its discretion pur

chase special certificates of indebtedness directly from the

United States in such amounts as may be needed to cover overdrafts

3/6/56

-24

in the general account of the Treasurer of the United States on

the books of such Bank or for the temporary accommodation of

the Treasury, but such Bank shall take all steps practicable at

the time to insure as far as possible that the amount of obliga

tions acquired directly from the United States and held by it,

together with the amount of such obligations so acquired and

held by all other Federal Reserve Banks, does not exceed $5 bil

lion at any one time.

Authority to take the actions above set forth shall be

effective only until such time as the Federal Reserve Bank is

able again to establish communications with the Federal Open

Market Committee (or the Interim Committee), and such Com

mittee is then functioning.

Before this meeting there had been distributed to the members of

the Committee a report of open market operations covering commitments

executed December 13, 1955 through February 29, 1956,

and at this meeting

there was distributed a supplementary report covering commitments executed

March 1-5, 1956, inclusive.

Copies of both reports have been placed in

the files of the Federal Open Market Committee.

Mr. Rouse stated, in

response to a question from Chairman Martin,

that the System account had done the best it

of the Committee in

could to carry out the wishes

a difficult situation, and operations seemed to have

worked out reasonably well.

nouncement regarding its

Reaction of the market to the Treasury an

forthcoming refinancing indicated a surprisingly

successful offering with little

attrition.

Mr. Rouse thought it

unlikely

that any suggestion would be made to the Committee that the System give

assistance in

this refinancing.

He noted, however, that at this stage

the final result could not be forecast accurately,

tions now bore out the views he had expressed.

Mr.

although all indica

A third point to which

mentioned

Rouse referred was the large calendar of corporate financing

3/6/56

-25

in the report distributed.

Large New York Banks were suggesting this

was an appropriate time for corporations to fund bank loans.

the factors in

One of

this development was the desire of banks to improve

their liquidity positions.

Chairman Martin stated that question had been raised concerning

the action of the System account in making available repurchase agree

ments since the last meeting of the Committee, and he asked that Mr.

Rouse comment on this matter.

Mr. Rouse said that he had endeavored to open the doors some

what for repurchase agreements and that they had been extended to a

number of dealers in

recent weeks.

The amounts had not been large.

He reported discussions regarding dealers'

of banks in

loans and the responsibility

a Treasury financing operation, both among representatives

of the American Bankers Association and the Investment Bankers Associa

tion.

In his discussions with dealers,

to make it

it

Mr. Rouse said, he had attempted

clear that while the System account was willing to assist,

expected dealers to find money that was available before they came

to the Federal Reserve for assistance.

Mr.

Mills said that in

his opinion the handling of the account

since the preceding meeting had been entirely appropriate.

He then com

mented on the forthcoming Treasury financing and the acknowledged re

sponsibility of the Federal Reserve to cooperate with a Treasury financ

ing operation to the utmost possible up to the point of interference

with the System's objectives for credit policy.

He felt that the

-26

3/6/56

Manager of the System Open Market Account had very meticulously

followed that principle in the present Treasury financing opera

tion, in

that the System's policy objectives had in

no wise been

deterred by the reserves that had been supplied to the market.

Continuing, Mr. Mills said that fortunately the point of view of

the market at the present time indicated that the Treasury should

not experience a heavy attrition in its

refinancing program.

How

ever, he pointed out that whatever the System could do to minimize

attrition in this or following Treasury financing operations would

benefit the Treasury in the course of the next few months in that it

could take fuller advantage of any budget surplus available to effect

a dramatic and heartening reduction in the Federal debt by way of

offering a lesser amount of refunding securities than the amount of

securities maturing.

Mr. Mills emphasized that a reduction in

the

Federal debt by the unspectacular route of attrition would not offer

the same psychological advantages of the alternative procedure.

Mr. Rouse commented again on the outlook for the Treasury

financing,

stating that the System account was attempting to follow

developments very closely from day to day.

Upon motion duly made and seconded,

and by unanimous vote, the transactions

for the System account during the period

December 13, 1955, through March 5, 1956,

inclusive, were approved, ratified, and

confirmed.

Members of the Board's staff then entered the room to assist

in

a presentation of an economic review, illustrated by chart slides.

3/6/56

-27

A copy of the script of the review was sent to each member of the

Committee following the meeting.

The review stated that industrial

production in the United States, like gross national product, had

shown little

vances.

further change recently,

following earlier marked ad

Some comments regarding this leveling off called attention

to selective reductions in demand and their possible significance for

economic prospects and policy.

Other observers emphasized that the

leveling off came only after production in many lines had reached

near capacity levels and upward pressures on industrial prices had

developed.

Industrial prices in the United States are now substanti

ally higher than last spring, it was stated, and increases have con

tinued in

recent months although at a somewhat less rapid rate than

earlier.

In concluding the review, Mr. Thomas made the following

statement:

As we have seen, recovery and expansion in activity

have been followed by little

change.

To some observers this

has suggested that the forces of recovery may be about spent

and that concern for the future should relate to possible

declines in activity and employment--or at least to the pos

sible failure of activity to increase enough to make full

use of our expanding resources.

In this view not much con

cern need be felt about the possibility of further price

advances. In another view, the forces of expansion are

still strong, leveling off of output is due in considerable

part to capacity limitations, and the threat of further

broad price advances is still

very real.

Some support can be found in the facts for each of the

positions. Evidence of diminishing expansionary forces is

seen, for example, in the consumer credit field. The rapid

rise in instalment credit associated with easier terms and

high auto sales was moderating by the fourth quarter, as

extensions declined and repayments continued to rise, and

a further slowing is evident so far this year. In the

3/6/56

-28-

housing field, mortgage lending and housing starts are down

somewhat from earlier very high levels.

Business inventories of durable goods were higher at the

end of January in relation to sales than they had been earlier,

and the rate of inventory accumulation in the economy generally

in recent months has been larger than would be indefinitely

sustainable.

Agricultural incomes were down further last year, reflect

ing lower prices, especially for hogs. While land values rose

somewhat until autumn, the value of livestock on farms--though

not the number--was considerably reduced.

At the beginning of this year farmers owed more on short

and long term than a year ago--about 10 to 15 per cent moreand in some areas they have drawn down their deposits appreciably.

Price increases for farm products since the turn of the year have

been largely seasonal. Large surpluses place limits upon the

possibility of price increases for leading crops.

In industry there are important lines, such as textiles, in

which increasing demands have been readily met by higher produc

tion without important price advances. Increases in list prices

for new cars could not be made effective in retail markets.

Looking at these facts alone, one might conclude that de

mands may not be adequate to provide for further growth in the

economy.

High on the list of facts supporting the view that the

threat of broad price increases is still

real, is continuing

operation of steel mills at capacity despite reduction of de

mands from the auto industry. Railroad car builders, machinery

producers, builders, and other users who had been unable to

obtain enough steel are now in a better position to increase

their production to fill orders already booked or in prospect.

A related basic fact is the expansion going on in capital

equipment outlays. Apparently equipment programs are being

further expanded in this period of little

change in over-all

activity. In addition, outlays for consumer non-durables and

services in the fourth quarter rose further and outlays of

State and local governments have been continuing their upward

trend. The volume of new capital issues by corporations and by

State and local governments has increased recently and the

calendar for prospective new issues is impressively large.

The volume of orders received by manufacturers continued

large through January. The most recent fluctuations have repre

sented in large part unevenness in the flow of defense orders.

These facts concerning the domestic situation suggest that

be very strong and that pres

the forces of expansion may still

sures on available resources may continue.

How the moderating of production increases abroad is to be

interpreted is also a question. The Bank of England and the

British Government, surveying the whole situation in the United

3/6/56

-29-

Kingdon, where balance of payments problems are of great

importance and where virtually no slack exists in the

economy, evidently are primarily concerned at this time

with the dangers of too great domestic demands and rising

costs and prices.

From a long-run point of view, the record of recent

years in the United States appears to be one of moderate

growth in output, employment, and the money supply, with

relative stability in prices. A possible near-term develop

ment, more hopeful than either of the alternatives presented,

is that the slackening recently evident in some areas will

make possible further expansion in others without undue pres

sures on resources and prices. Moderate adjustments of this

nature, resulting from the play of market forces accompanied

by a balanced budget and flexible credit policies, could help

to bring about--and are essential for--the balanced alloca

tion of resources that will assure the continuation of

economic equilibrium and growth.

What monetary policy would best contribute to the attain

ment of this end? It is apparent that the policy of the past

year has not been too restrictive.

But that has been a policy

of supplying the growth in reserves entirely through the dis

count window, with open market operations covering, at most,

That means that restraints be

only the seasonal variations.

came tighter in the course of time; as member bank borrowing

increased, discount rates were raised, and bank liquidity was

reduced to meet expanding loan demands. With the economy now

operating close to capacity, credit growth in the coming year

will need to be slower than in the past year, if rising price

pressures are to be avoided. It may be that the existing de

gree of restraint, in view of adjustments already in process in

the economy, will be fully adequate to bring about that result.

This would mean that reserves needed for further growth, as

well as for regular seasonal demands, ought to be supplied this

year through open market operations without additional resort

to member bank borrowing. On the other hand, the System should

be prepared to combat a renewal of inflationary pressures,

should that develop. Such a situation might call for some

shift in emphasis of policy--through a rise in discount rates

or more limited open market purchases--in accordance with de

velopments in production, prices, and demands for credit. The

task ahead seems to be a more delicate one than that carried

out during the past year.

Chairman Martin asked that Mr.

market operations.

Sproul open the discussion of open

3/6/56

-30

Mr. Sproul said that the over-all level of business remained

high and steady with some strong spots and some weak spots, but with

few signs that current near-stability is about to move out of the

present range on the up side or to give way on the down side.

It is

early, of course, to assess the possible economic consequences of the

decision of the President to seek reelection, he said, but at the moment

it seems unlikely that it

will have other than a steadying effect with

out greatly changing what appeared to be the immediate economic trend

before the decision was announced.

tinue large, Mr.

Capital expenditure programs con

Sproul said, and consumer spending stays at high levels,

but there appears to be a little

less pressure on productive capacity

than there was three months ago.

Mr. Sproul went on to say that in this situation the prescrip

tion of a steady hand on the controls and a watchful eye on the road

ahead continued to be in order.

He would try to stay where we are be

tween now and the next meeting of the Committee, he said, not being

too concerned about temporary or day-to-day variations in reserves,

if

they do not appear to be causing either knots or sloppy conditions

in the market and at the banks.

On the basis of present reserve pro

jections, Mr. Sproul thought that such a position might be maintained

by relatively minor changes in System holdings.

This would be helpful,

in terms of over-all policy, he said, because he felt it important that

the Committee try to give as little indication as possible of any

change in policy in either direction at this time.

-31

3/6/56

Mr. Johns said that he had very little

to add to Mr. Sproul's

statement since he was in agreement with the views that had been ex

pressed.

He noted that in the group who assisted him in open market

matters at the St. Louis Bank, a minority felt that the time had

arrived when the System should begin to ease noticeably in

policy.

For example,

gested.

Mr.

credit

its

a reduction in the discount rate had been sug

Johns said he was not a member of that minority and he

would have no reservations in

seconding the views expressed by Mr.

Sproul.

Mr. Bryan said that he had no fundamental disagreement with

the views expressed thus far.

In reviewing the situation with the

staff of the Atlanta Bank, there seemed to be agreement at the moment

that the tremendous upsurge in

clear that it

the economy had abated, but it

would not break out on the up-side again.

was not

Mr. Bryan

said he did not feel this was the time for any dramatic move in either

direction, such, for example,

noted, however,

as a change in

the discount rate.

He

that one member of his staff had suggested that the

discount rate be lowered.

Mr.

Fulton stated that he was not one to subscribe now to any

indication of easing of the situation.

He reviewed conditions in the

Cleveland District, pointing to high current levels of activity in

leading industries as well as to firm plans for large outlays for

new plant and equipment.

Mr.

Fulton said that he did not believe the

3/6/56

-32

down-turn in the automobile industry or in housing was lethal to the

economy.

The Committee should be ready to move within the next 30 to 45

days toward a position of greater restraint rather than ease, he said,

if

the price structure were to be affected by the upward pressures

which he felt

Mr.

existed.

Shepardson said that he was inclined to feel much as Mr.

Fulton had indicated.

He was concerned that as yet there had been

no apparent development that was encouraging in the agricultural

picture.

good.

The price squeeze for agriculture in

the long run is

not

Costs of farmers have continued to rise, and the prospects

are that there will be further increases reflecting higher labor costs

and other factors.

Mr.

Shepardson felt the Committee should be alert

to move against any further price increases.

material change in

firmly at its

He would not suggest a

policy right now, but the Committee should hold

present position and be on guard to avoid creeping price

increases such as occurred last year.

Mr. Robertson said that he agreed with the views expressed by

Messrs.

Fulton and Shepardson.

He noted that at the last two meetings

of the Committee emphasis had been placed on the "relaxation" side of

the even keel.

He felt the Manager of the Account had meticulously

followed the Committee's directions.

tion.

This had resulted in

some relaxa

Mr. Robertson said he doubted the need for resolving doubts on

the side of ease with purchases of $88 million of bills, just before

3/6/56

-33

the Treasury financing.

He also felt there had been too-easy use

of the repurchase mechanism.

He agreed that through mid-March, while

the Treasury financing was still

a factor, it

was necessary to con

tinue to maintain stability in the market, but he felt that over the

period of the next three weeks emphasis should be on the side of

resolving doubts in favor of firmness rather than of ease.

Mr.

Robertson said he was not urging a change in policy but only that,

when it was necessary to resolve doubts, that not be done on the

side of ease.

He referred to the level of prices of farm products

which Mr. Shepardson had mentioned, stating that he thought the Com

mittee tended to be too complacent about the average level of prices

and failed to give consideration to the extent to which the over-all

average was based upon a very low level of prices for farm products.

His suggestion would be that for the next three weeks management of

the account be directed to move imperceptibly toward taking up some

of the slack in the money market,

not taking any drastic action but

resolving doubts on the side of not purchasing securities whenever

there was a doubt.

Mr. Mills said that business sentiment since the preceding

meeting has fluctuated and continues to fluctuate, but on balance it

would look as though both business sentiment and economic prospects

have improved over the last three weeks.

His feelings were similar

to those expressed by Mr. Sproul and shared by Messrs. Johns and

Bryan, he said, and his views would be symbolized perhaps by a level

of negative free reserves around $300 million.

3/6/56

-34

Mr. Leach said that the Fifth District economy continued

strong.

There was no significant evidence of weakness although the

situation in

meeting and is

synthetic textiles has slipped further since the last

now reflected in curtailed operations.

The cotton

textile outlook continues favorable while bituminous coal output has

continued to rise and is running some 20 per cent above a year ago.

On balance, the district economy shows no appreciable movement in

either direction and activity continues at extremely high levels.

Although the immediate repercussions of the President's announcement

have not been great, it

garded as a plus factor.

has eliminated uncertainty and must be re

Loan demand continues strong.

Mr. Leach

said that recent developments do not call for any easing in the

present situation, and he was inclined to agree with those who felt

that Committee policy should be one of keeping an even keel in

the

immediate future.

Mr. Leedy said that he might express a different view if

the

problems in the Tenth District were ones about which the Committee

could do something.

There has been drought in a considerable part

of the District and there is some distress in farm areas.

However,

he would subscribe to the view that nothing the Committee can do will

make any direct contribution to that situation.

the most important thing in

Mr. Leedy felt that

the picture in the past three weeks was

the President's announcement.

He could see no basis on which the

Committee should take action to give encouragement to the furtherance

3/6/56

-35

of the kind of activity that has been taking place lately in

market.

For the time being,

the stock

he felt the Committee should pursue a

policy of watchful waiting along the lines suggested by Mr.

Sproul and

others.

Mr. Powell reviewed economic conditions in

briefly, stating that in

the Ninth District

his view open market operations should be

maintained on an even keel basis until the next meeting of the Com

mittee with no perceptible change being made in policy at the present

time.

Chairman Martin noted that Mr. Mangels was attending a meeting

of the Federal Open Market Committee as a Reserve Bank President for

the first

time and invited him to make any observations he cared to

make.

Mr. Mangels presented a summary of economic conditions in the

Twelfth District in which he brought out reasons why the trend of

optimism had been modified somewhat on the up-side during the past

several weeks.

With respect to bank credit, he noted that Twelfth

District banks have been losing demand deposits, that commercial and

industrial loans were down slightly, and that agricultural, real

estate, and consumer credit had increased recently.

Borrowings by

member banks recently had been quite modest and no occasion had arisen

in which the Bank considered it necessary to discuss continuous or

excessive borrowing with any member bank.

Mr. Mangels said that he

3/6/56

-36

would be inclined to continue about the pattern and policy that had

been followed in the open market during recent weeks.

If,

however,

there were to be a choice, perhaps he would be inclined to resolve

doubts on the side of ease rather than increased tightness.

Mr.

Irons described economic activities in the Eleventh

District as being at a high level and as warranting repetition of

the remark he had made at the preceding meeting that the plus signs

outbalanced the negative signs.

While he would not wish to take any

overt action at this time, he would align himself with the views ex

pressed by Messrs. Robertson and Shepardson to the effect that if

doubts were to be resolved one way or the other, they should be a

on the side of greater restraint rather than of ease.

little

Mr.

Erickson said that the New England economy remained strong.

Residential building awards,

which had been running behind figures for

a year ago, had improved and during the first

three weeks of February

were running well ahead of last year's figures.

its

first

New England has had

textile strike and reached a settlement with a wage increase

of five cents an hour immediately and a further increase of seven cents

an hour to be effective April 30.

Whether this would set a pattern for

other wage settlements in New England was difficult to judge at present.

Mr.

Erickson said that for the next three weeks he would maintain open

market policy as it

felt that if

had been followed in

the recent past.

He, too,

he had to lean either way, he would lean toward more re

straint rather than toward ease.

3/6/56

-37

Mr.

Szymczak said he saw nothing in the picture to require

a change in Committee policy as it had been decided at the meeting

three weeks ago and as pursued since that time.

adopted and the way in

which it

The policy then

had been carried out had not produced

a too-easy situation, in Mr. Szymczak's view.

Mr.

Balderston said that he was deeply concerned about the

price increases that were impending and about their coming so late

in the present cyclical movement as not to be effective in

demand.

restraining

The Committee must look forward to further price increases as

a result of increased freight rates and current and pending increases

in wage rates.

His concern was all the more real, he said, because

the price increases to which he referred were coming at a time when

there was topping out in parts of the economy.

On balance, Mr.

Balderston now felt the Committee should restrict credit a little

more than he felt it should six weeks ago.

He hoped the bill rate

would rise to the discount rate in the near future and that the Com

mittee would keep negative free reserves at about the $400 million

level.

In short, Mr. Balderston said he subscribed to the views ex

pressed by Mr. Robertson and others that the need was for a little

greater tightness than was the case a few weeks ago.

Chairman Martin said he believed that the members of the Com

mittee were in

fairly close agreement on the existing economic situa

tion and the credit policy called for.

His view, he said, had swung

3/6/56

slightly since the last meeting and he would now align himself with

those inclined toward tightness rather than toward an easier policy

at the moment.

However,

Chairman Martin said he thought the Com

mittee was dealing in minute degrees and shades of emphasis.

It

was very difficult for the Manager of the Account to operate under

such circumstances,

he said, but he did not think that any useful

purpose would be served in voting on a more specific policy directive.

Chairman Martin did not feel that any change should be made in the

Committee's directive at this juncture, although it might be desir

able at the next meeting to consider a change of language.

still

We were

in the middle of the Treasury financing and should maintain a

condition of stability in the market until a little

past March 15.

The Committee should not start changing its policy immediately after

this financing was completed.

In general, Chairman Martin felt that

the majority would agree that toward the end of the period between now

and the meeting of the Committee to be held on March 27, doubts could

be resolved in the direction of a little more tightness.

But this was

a shading of emphasis and he would think that the Committee should wait

until its next meeting for any change.

In response to Chairman Martin's inquiry as to whether this

represented a satisfactory summary of policy, several members of the

Committee indicated agreement with it,

and Mr. Rouse responded that

he saw no need for changing the limits in the directive to be issued

to the New York Bank.

3/6/56

-39

Thereupon, upon motion duly made

and seconded, the Committee voted

unanimously to direct the Federal Re

serve Bank of New York until otherwise

directed by the Committee:

(1)

To make such purchases, sales, or exchanges (in

cluding replacement of maturing securities, and allowing

maturities to run off without replacement) for the System

open market account in the open market or, in the case of

maturing securities, by direct exchange with the Treasury,

as may be necessary in the light of current and prospective

economic conditions and the general credit situation of the

country, with a view (a) to relating the supply of funds in

the market to the needs of commerce and business, (b) to re

straining inflationary developments in the interest of sus

tainable economic growth while taking into account any de

flationary tendencies in the economy, and (c) to the practical

administration of the account; provided that the aggregate

amount of securities held in the System account (including

commitments for the purchase or sale of securities for the

account) at the close of this date, other than special short

term certificates of indebtedness purchased from time to

time for the temporary accommodation of the Treasury, shall

not be increased or decreased by more than $1 billion;

(2) To purchase direct from the Treasury for the ac

count of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York (with discretion,

in cases where it seems desirable, to issue participations to

one or more Federal Reserve Banks) such amounts of special

short-term certificates of indebtedness as may be necessary

from time to time for the temporary accommodation of the

Treasury; provided that the total amount of such certificates

held at any one time by the Federal Reserve Banks shall not

exceed in the aggregate $500 million;

To sell direct to the Treasury from the System

(3)

account for gold certificates such amounts of Treasury securi

ties maturing within one year as may be necessary from time

to time for the accommodation of the Treasury; provided that

the total amount of such securities so sold shall not exceed

in the aggregate $500 million face amount, and such sales

shall be made as nearly as may be practicable at the prices

currently quoted in the open market.

Chairman Martin noted that Mr. Robertson had raised a question

about the use of the repurchase authority earlier during the meeting and

3/6/56

-40

inquired whether he felt it

would be preferable to have the use of

repurchase agreements considered at each meeting of the Committee

or to have this authority handled on some other basis.

Mr. Robertson said that he had no strong feeling that it

desirable to have the question come up at each meeting.

particular reason why this authority should not be in

was

He saw no

the same cate

gory as the several continuing operating authorizations which were

listed for consideration at the annual organization meeting and which

had been passed upon earlier today.

He stated that at the time the

Committee modified the repurchase authority last August to limit it

to the Federal Reserve Bank of New York rather than to all Federal

Reserve Banks,

it

was approved with the understanding that it

be used sparingly at rates below the discount rate.

ing had been carried out and he assumed that it

would

That understand

would be continued.

Chairman Martin stated that he understood that this would be

the case.

He also said that the question whether to consider the

repurchase authority at each meeting of the Committee, or only at

longer intervals, might be discussed at the meeting to be held on

March 27, 1956.

Thereupon, the following authoriza

tion was approved by unanimous vote:

The Federal Reserve Bank of New York is hereby authorized

to enter into repurchase agreements with nonbank dealers in

United States Government securities subject to the following

conditions:

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3/6/56

1.

Such agreements

(a)

In no event shall be at a rate below which

ever is the lower of (1) the discount rate

of the Federal Reserve Bank on eligible com

mercial paper, or (2) the average issuing

rate on the most recent issue of three-month

Treasury bills;

(b) Shall be for periods of not to exceed 15

calendar days;

(c) Shall cover only Government securities matur

ing within 15 months; and

(d) Shall be used as a means of providing the

money market with sufficient Federal Reserve

funds to avoid undue strain on a day-to-day

basis.

2.

Reports of such transactions shall be included in the

weekly report of open market operations which is sent

to the members of the Federal Open Market Committee.

3.

In the event Government securities covered by any

such agreement are not repurchased by the dealer

pursuant to the agreement or a renewal thereof, the

securities thus acquired by the Federal Reserve Bank

of New York shall be sold in the market or trans

ferred to the System open market account.

Thereupon the meeting adjourned.

Secretary