FOMC Minutes

A meeting of the Federal Open Market Committee was held in

the offices of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System

in Washington on Tuesday, November 27, 1956, at 10:00 a.m.

PRESENT:

Mr.

Mr.

Mr.

Mr.

Mr.

Mr.

Mr.

Mr.

Mr.

Mr.

Mr.

Martin, Chairman

Hayes, Vice Chairman

Balderston

Erickson

Fulton

Johns

Mills

Powell

Robertson

Szymczak

Vardaman

Messrs. Allen, Bryan, Leedy, and Williams, Alternate

Members of the Federal Open Market Committee

Messrs. Leach, Irons, and Mangels, Presidents of the

Federal Reserve Banks of Richmond, Dallas, and

San Francisco, respectively

Mr. Riefler, Secretary

Mr. Thurston, Assistant Secretary

Mr. Vest, General Counsel

Mr. Solomon, Assistant General Counsel

Mr. Thomas, Economist

Messrs. Abbott, Hostetler, Parsons, Roelse,

Willis, and Young, Associate Economists

Mr. Rouse, Manager, System Open Market Account

Mr. Carpenter, Secretary, Board of Governors

Mr. Sherman, Assistant Secretary, Board of

Governors

Mr. Miller, Chief, Government Finance Section

Division of Research and Statistics, Board

of Governors

Mr. Gaines, Manager, Securities Department,

Federal Reserve Bank of New York

Upon motion duly made and seconded, and

by unanimous vote, the minutes of the meeting

of the Federal Open Market Committee held on

November 13, 1956, were approved.

Before this meeting there had been distributed to the members of

the Committee a report prepared at the Federal Reserve Bank of New York

11/27/56

-2

covering open market operations during the period November 9, 1956

through November 20, 1956, and at this meeting a supplementary report

covering commitments executed November 21 through November 26, 1956,

was

distributed.

Copies of both reports have been placed in

the files

of the Committee.

Mr. Rouse said that the past two weeks had presented a difficult

period.

It was largely a psychological situation but there has been a

substantial number of transactions in dealers'

hands to be worked out,

and there had been an occasional urgent sale,

In addition, press stories

suggesting the likelihood of an increase in the discount rate had in

creased the difficulties.

The Government securities market had declined

quite sharply during this period with some of the aspects of the 1953

developments but so far there had been no "snowballing."

to a question from Mr.

of foreign selling, Mr.

In response

Balderston as to whether there had been evidence

Rouse responded in

the affirmative, stating

that there had been steady selling of Treasury securities from countries

in Western Europe and that it

had not been limited to bills.

Upon motion duly made and seconded,

and by unanimous vote, the open market

transactions during the period November

9 through November 26, 1956, were ap

proved, ratified, and confirmed.

Mr. Young made a statement on recent business developments in

which he summarized and supplemented the information given in

memorandum distributed under date of November 23, 1956.

substantially as follows:

the staff

His report was

11/27/56

Despite the shortness of time since the last meeting,

late information does add a little to that reported then.

For instance, it is now clearer that the economic effects

of the Middle East crisis are very serious and will not

soon be overcome. Domestically, momentum of business ad

vance is further confirmed. At the same time, some data

"straws in the wind" are suggestive of possible slackening

of economic advance later.

As to specifics:

In Western Europe, petroleum shortages have already

led to consumption cutbacks; a 20 per cent reduction in

oil consumption for a six-month period is in prospect;

some scare buying has developed in consumer markets in

several countries; and balance of payments strains for

both Britain and France have intensified. International

shipping rates have risen sharply further.

In this country, industrial prices have continued to

show an upward tendency. The price advance for fabricated

items has been extended and prices of basic industrial

materials have also risen, in part because of Middle East

crisis. For industrial products, the price rise from mid

October to mid-November, was 1/2 per cent or about the same

as in the preceding month.

The average of wholesale prices

continued stable, reflecting the effect of offsetting de

clines in farm prices. Lower farm prices resulted mainly

from seasonal reductions in prices of livestock.

Consumer prices to mid-October showed about the same

rise as mid-August to mid-September, and will possibly show

as much again to mid-November. This will mean that over a

million workers or more will get a 2 to 3 cent an hour cost

of-living advance the first pay period of December. Another

million approximately will become eligible for a 3-cent cost

of-living wage increase in January. Some 3-1/2 to 4 million

workers are now covered by cost-of-living clauses in union

wage agreements.

Current data on industrial output point to a further

gain in the Board's index for November of 1 or 2 index points,

pushing the index into new high ground. Durable goods

activity accounts for most of this up push, but nondurable

goods output, especially in textile lines, is also showing

further rise this month.

New automobile sales have shown strengthening this month

in response to new model introductions, and used car sales

have about held stable. Advertised prices of used cars, after

allowance for depreciation, remain at about last month's

levels, indicating considerable strength in the used car mar

ket. Used car prices typically recede when new models are

introduced.

11/27/56

Department store sales have finally shown strong upward

rebound, and with sales of auto dealers on the uptrend, Novem

ber retail sales should show an appreciable rise over a year

ago. In October, they were barely 2 per cent ahead of October

a year ago.

October reports from FHA, VA, and FNMA field offices have

just become available. While construction and mortgage money

conditions are reported still tighter and builders plans are

said to continue downward, some other factors are on the stronger

side. Residential construction costs held steady for the second

consecutive month as did also new home selling time; sales of

existing houses are reported to have improved.

Preliminary estimates of total national product for the

fourth quarter are placing the figure at $422 billion, up about

$8 billion from the third quarter and $20 billion or 5 per cent

from a year ago. About half of the GNP rise over the year, of

course, represents price rise.

Among the informational "straws in the wind, the following

are the main items

The value of contract awards was off significantly in

October.

Awards for residential construction were off most

but awards for industrial and public utility construction were

This showing of contract awards may

also off considerably.

merely reflect a shifting seasonal pattern, for the awards

series, as is well known, is highly variable.

Informal and highly preliminary reports on the McGraw-Hill

plant and equipment expenditure survey suggest that the final

report will point to only a small percentage rise in expenditures

survey

in 1957 from present levels. Indications in last fall's

were that these expenditures might be expected to show an appre

ciable further rise in 1957.

In last meeting's report, attention was called to the present

stage of inventory development. Data on business inventory posi

tions are far from satisfactory for current appraisal purposes,

in part because of complexity of measurement. On a value basis,

it seems clear that inventories relative to sales are now con

siderably higher than a year ago and about the same as in the

first part of 1953. Conditions are, of course, quite different

as between the two periods, for one thing because national

security expenditures were being cut back in early 1953 while

currently they are expanding a little. At the same time, in

ventory abundance at a stage of full momentum with intensive

resource utilization, suggests that inventory trends need close

watching.

Another "straw in the wind" is to be found in the renewed

Number of failures from

rise of business failures in October,

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May to September ran about a fifth higher than earlier and

failure liabilities also averaged about this same percentage

higher but showed more month to month change.

In September,

failures in number and liabilities fell sharply. In October,

they have risen again to a new postwar high. This level,

however, is still a little under that of the late thirties.

Finally, the number of corporate earnings reports reflect

ing a cost-profit squeeze continues to increase, Of a sample

of 388 large manufacturing companies whose earnings reports

are followed by the Board's staff, more than two-fifths re

ported lower third quarter earnings than last year.

Against these informational "straws in the wind," one must

keep in mind the uncertain potentialities of the Middle East

crisis.

In the existing state of nonwar, outbreak of hostili

ties is a possibility constantly to be reckoned with. For war

prevention objectives, some step-up in the Government's military ex

penditures may be unavoidable over the months ahead.

Such a

step-up would work to sustain or even increase demand pressures

in the economy.

Following a brief discussion of the decrease in profits of many

corporations in the third quarter of this year and of the rise in busi

ness failures during October, Chairman Martin asked Mr. Thomas for a

summary of credit developments and prospects, and he made the following

statement:

The most striking recent financial development has been

the sharp decline in Treasury bond prices during the last few

days.

This has been accompanied by a rise in Treasury bill

rates to a new high level, which has occurred despite a

relatively easy reserve position for member banks as a group.

As pointed out by one market commentator and suggested by

others, the Federal Reserve does not have to impose additional

restraints--the existing ones are severe enough.

The bond market is once again going through the process

of dropping to a new level and this process is always an ordeal

until a level is reached at which transactions are resumed.

The current decline in Treasury bond prices was preceded by

sharp decreases in prices of corporate and of State and

municipal bonds, and by higher offering yields on new issues.

In contrast to earlier periods of declining bond prices,

stock prices have also been weak.

Explanation for this market behavior can be found

largely in the analysis of the economic situation already

11/27/56

presented to you.

The weight of the evidence indicates that

demands for goods and services are likely to continue press

ing against the limits of supply. This means that the demands

for credit will continue to be equally pressing. At the same

time, credit availability is probably more restricted than it

has been previously. Banks are somewhat less willing to borrow

to expand their loans; they have largely run out of liquid

assets to sell; and to sell longer-term securities would in

volve severe losses. Other financial institutions are also

having difficulty in selling Government securities to acquire

other loans and investments that are available. Nonfinancial

corporations are not buying bills and other short-term securi

ties to the same extent as they were a year ago, because they

have other uses for their funds and are having difficulty in

borrowing in the market for capital expenditures.

It is possible that some would-be borrowers are appre

hensive of even tighter credit conditions and are anticipating

needs, thus helping to bring on the situation they fear. If

this were occurring, however, the excess funds might come back

into the short-term market and there is as yet no evidence of

Banks and other investors, in fear of higher

such a movement.

interest rates and in order to take losses for tax purposes,

may be attempting to liquidate bonds regardless of price and

without the offsetting purchases that characterize tax swaps.

Another element of money market pressure has been the con

tinued tight reserve positions of New York and Chicago banks,

notwithstanding the easier situation for member banks as a

group.

Business financial pressures have continued strong through

out the year. While income tax payments are relatively low in

this period, advance provision must be made for the heavy tax

half of next year.

payments that will be required in the first

Moreover financing of customers through accounts receivable

Short

usually increases sharply at this time of the year,

as

term financing needs slackened in summer and early fall,

the rate of inventory accumulation was reduced, but plant and

equipment expenditures have continued to rise.

Internal sources of funds have not kept pace with these

Profits in the second half have been

financing requirements.

half of the year and below those in

lower than in the first

the second half of 1955, while increased dividend payments

have largely offset the further growth in retained deprecia

tion allowances. Reductions in liquid asset balances and

increased short-term borrowing earlier in the year had reduced

corporate liquidity by mid-1956 to the lowest point in the

postwar period, and the need to restore liquidity and to

provide for future tax payments has limited further financing

11/27/56

from these sources. Business needs for external financing,

particularly for long-term funds, have therefore remained

strong since midyear, and flotations of securities have

been in record volume.

Treasury cash financing and refunding operations that

have been hanging over the market have been completed for

this year. Perhaps the market has felt that there may have

been some nursing of it which can be ended now that Treasury

needs are met. Views as to the prospects for a budget sur

plus have been undergoing some scrutiny recently. In view

of higher income estimates, it seems likely that, barring

a tax cut, budget receipts will exceed the estimates of the

midyear Budget Review for fiscal 1957, and will increase

further in fiscal 1958. There has been some discussion,

however, of a tax cut for small corporations that might

carry with it other cuts.

Prospects for expenditures are still

uncertain. There

are intimations of some increase over previous estimates in

spending for defense purposes, and additional expenditures

are in prospect for the new highway program and for old-age

benefit payments. Interest costs are rising and agricultural

programs are still an uncertain element.

Present indications are that there will be some surplus

if taxes are not reduced and it may even be big enough to

undermine objections to a tax cut. Hence the balancing ef

fect of a budget surplus and further public debt retirement

upon expansion in other sectors for the coming year is still

not assured.

Results of recent Treasury financing operations provide

a June maturity of only $1.3 billion of tax certificates,

whereas funds available for debt retirement in that month

may be as much as $4 or $5 billion. Hence the refinancing

scheduled for January and February can include some addi

tional June maturities.

Total loans and investments of city banks have in

creased somewhat in the past four weeks, largely because of

bank purchases of the new special bill issue in the latest

week. Eliminating that change, a largely seasonal expansion

in business loans was approximately offset by a reduction in

The commercial loan increase of about $650

investments.

less than that in the same period last

million was little

change

year, but the other types of loans showed little

ago

a

year

increases

to

substantial

this year in contrast

in

increase

the

Hence

loans.

consumer

and

estate

in real

sales

Bank

ago.

year

a

than

less

continued

has

loans

total

of Government securities (eliminating the recent bill

11/27/56

purchase) have also been smaller than they were at this

time last year.

Bank deposit growth in recent weeks has apparently

not been up to usual seasonal amounts. Currency in cir

culation, however, after lagging somewhat in October, has

subsequently shown a greater than seasonal increase. Turn

over of bank deposits continued at a high level in October.

Net borrowed reserves of member banks have been at a

relatively low level during the past two or three weeks,

notwithstanding a substantial increase in required reserves

in connection with sales of the special Treasury bill around

the middle of November. Float generally has continued at a

relatively high level. System purchases of bills, including

those acquired under repurchase contracts, have increased by

$470 million since the end of October.

In order to cover usual heavy needs for reserves in

December and keep net borrowed reserves below $200 million,

the System will need to acquire an additional $$00 million

of bills during the next two weeks. Some of these may be

supplied through additional repurchase contracts, which

are profitable for dealers when the bill rate is above the

Federal Reserve repurchase rate. In view of the delicate

state of the market and the special needs for considerable

liquidity, at this time of the year, it would seem appro

priate to keep net borrowed reserves at $200 million or

even lower through December.

In response to a question from Chairman Martin, Mr. Thomas said

that it appeared that the increase in the money supply during calendar

year 1956 would approximate 1-1/2 per cent if current projections were

realized.

Chairman Martin next turned to discussion of open market policy

and at his request Mr. Hayes expressed his views on the situation and

the policy that he would recommend.

Mr. Hayes' statement was as follows:

1. There seems to be little that's new to report in

the general business and credit situation since our meet

ing two weeks ago. In most branches of activity the econ

omy is still expanding, although housing is an important

exception. Full consequences of the Suez crisis are still

none too clear. However, the likelihood of oil shipments

to Europe has reversed the previous downtrend of oil prices,

11/27/56

the probability of a new tanker program may add to the

demand for steel over an extended period, and defense

expenditures are likely to increase in fiscal 1958 and

perhaps toward the end of fiscal 1957.

The Middle East

situation undoubtedly still

contains explosive possi

bilities calling for a watchful attitude on our part.

2. Residential construction prospects continue to

deteriorate.

October housing awards were off 16% from a

year ago, and gains in nonresidential awards were insuf

ficient to prevent a decline of 8% in total construction

awards.

Most forecasts point to some further declines in

housing activity next year.

3.

Retail trade, while admittedly at a high level,

has been less buoyant than might be expected under present

conditions of high output, employment, and income.

Depart

ment store sales in New York, after showing a sharp rise

in the week ended November 17, turned down again last week,

and for the last 4 weeks were 1 per cent below a year ago.

Domestic auto sales for 1957 are now estimated at about

6.5 million units--10% more than in 1956--but this can

hardly be considered better than an informed guess at this

early stage of the season.

4.

While optimism is certainly dominant in the views

expressed by most business economists, it is interesting

to note that the median figure for the Federal Reserve Board

index of industrial production recently forecast by a group

of the System's own business economists was 148 for the

second quarter of 1957-representing a gain over the present

figure which would be scarcely in line with long term normal

growth.

5. As for capital expenditures, a number of national

and regional surveys point to a gain of about 10% in 1957

over 1956, but this would imply no gain over current levels.

As we have previously noted, there is accumulating evidence

that the boom in capital investment may be cresting out in

1957.

6.

Since the last meeting there has been further sub

stantiation of the reversal in the decline in business loans

It seems

which had prevailed through most of October.

in recent

witnessed

loans

such

of

probable that the expansion

quarter,

fourth

the

of

weeks will continue through the rest

but the total gain for the quarter for all member banks

appears likely to be somewhat smaller than in the fourth

In recent weeks banks have experienced a

quarter of 1955.

further loss of liquidity through sales of U. S. Government

securities, although their holdings of Treasury bills have

now been increased somewhat by the latest special issue.

11/27/56

-10-

The banks in the central money markets are still

in an

extremely tight position. On a national basis our

projections now point to net borrowed reserves of $48

million in the current statement week, $07 million in

the week of December 5th, and $713 million in the week

of December 12th.

7.

With the recent refunding out of the way, we hope

that the Treasury's financial requirements will no longer

need to be a major consideration in the determination of

monetary policy, as they have been during most of the last

two months.

On the other hand, the capital markets are in

a highly sensitive state, with a sizable calendar of offer

ings still

overhanging the market and with unusually diffi

cult marketing conditions causing confusion in the municipal,

and to some extent in the corporate, market. Moreover, there

are some indications that U. S. Government bond yields are

still

out of line with those obtainable on corporate and

municipal bonds.

These sensitive conditions are accentuated

by doubts as to whether current Treasury bill rates point

to the likelihood of a further discount advance.

Those

doubts were intensified, and not diminished, by a purported

System statement on the Dow-Jones ticker on Friday, Novem

ber 23, which has been interpreted as confirmation that the

System has up to now regarded a further rise as necessary,

Pressure

and is only postponing that action temporarily.

on prices of both bills and the new certificates seems to

result chiefly from lack of sizable investor demand rather

than from any heavy selling, although selling is currently

picking up in intermediate and longer term areas, contribut

ing to the further downward price movements in that part of

the market.

Credit restraint seems now to be taking hold more

8.

severely than at any time in the past two years. We can

see no justification for any increase in the recent degree

of restraint in view of the uncertainties both in the

domestic economy and in the international outlook. We would

be opposed to any increase of the discount rate at this time,

and we feel that any suggestion of an increase should be

avoided as potentially disruptive of the money and securities

In the area of open market operations, the System

markets.

Treasury bills quite liberally in the next three

buy

should

seasonal needs from generating greater

prevent

to

weeks

restraint than now exists. We think it would be desirable

for the System account to make these purchases day by day

in relatively moderate amounts on each operation so that

In fact, we

it may enter the market frequently as a buyer,

11/27/56

-11

would not hesitate to buy amounts in excess of those

needed to offset seasonal factors, in an effort to keep

the disturbed conditions now prevailing in the security

markets from developing into a disorderly situation. In

order to emphasize the importance of preventing an inten

sification of present pressures because of seasonal in

fluences, we would suggest that the directive might be

changed by amending part (b) of the first paragraph to

read "to restraining inflationary developments in the

interest of sustainable economic growth, while avoiding

further pressures in the money, credit, and securities

markets resulting from seasonal factors."

Mr.

Johns said that he would continue to characterize the

economy as one of full employment at or approaching capacity in many

respects.

There were elements in

counseling moderation in

the picture that should be taken as

any attempt to strengthen the Committee's

restrictive policy, however.

Parts of the economic review presented

by Mr. Young suggested that soft spots might develop in the economy

The upward movement that had been confidently forecast

in the future.

by many as a post-election development had not yet become evident.

The international situation also created uncertainties in

In these uncertain circumstances,

to make no overt changes in

Mr.

policy.

the outlook.

Johns said, he would be inclined

We were approaching a difficult

year-end situation and actions by the Committee should not accentuate

these problems.

The Committee would have to supply reserves over the

year-end after which it

reserves, Mr.

would have to absorb a considerable volume of

Johns noted.

He agreed with Mr.

Hayes that the present

effects of the restrictive policy were perhaps biting deeper than they

had been and that their cumulative effects were becoming quite easily

11/27/56

observable.

-12

The impaired liquidity of banks and the failure of

bank credit to expand seasonally this fall indicated that the re

strictive policy had taken firm hold.

Mr. Johns said that a change

in discount rate should not be undertaken at this time and that the

reserves that would be needed toward the year-end should be supplied

without reluctance.

Mr.

trict;

Bryan reported no marked developments in

the Sixth Dis

the economy was continuing to expand but at a slackening pace

with an evident tightening of credit.

situation was complex.

On the national picture, the

We were having one of the wildest capital

goods booms that had ever been seen, superimposed on a consumer spend

ing boom which in turn was superimposed on a demand for more leisure

on the part of the American public.

It

the Committee's policy should be, Mr.

was difficult to know what

Bryan said; the short-term

situation was almost certainly inflationary with price rises and cost

rises occurring across the board.

However,

the long-run situation

complicated the Committee's problem immensely and raised a question

as to what the Committee now should do.

The economy was rather

clearly developing excess capacities in many lines attributable to

the present capital goods boom.

There was excess capacity in

textiles,

farm implement, and other industries including probably the automobile

industry.

Shortly there probably would be excess capacity in the build

ing materials industry.

This poses the classical problem as to what

monetary policy should be when the short-run and long-run problems

11/27/56

-13

give possibly different indications.

This problem is similar to

that of knowing how to use monetary policy when a boom is

caused

by a segmented expansion in one sector of the economy or by a

geographically localized situation.

Mr. Bryan's conclusion was that the Committee should not now

ease its present restrictive policy.

He doubted whether overt action

should be taken in the form of a change in discount rates at the

moment since such action would signal a shift toward a tighter policy,

but he would not wish to preclude the idea that the System might be

compelled to further discount rate action before we were through with

the capital goods boom.

Mr.

Bryan felt that open market operations

should be directed toward maintaining at least the present degree of

restraint and certainly not easing it.

As to guideposts that should

be used in open market operations in order to maintain that degree of

restraint, he would take into account the behavior of the capital

markets at the present time and would not supply reserves in amounts

that would cause these capital markets to rise or that would prevent

what he felt was a very constructive and necessary readjustment as

between short- and long-term interest rates.

The Committee obviously

would wish to take action to prevent the appearance of disorder in

the capital markets.

Mr. Williams summarized developments in the Philadelphia Dis

trict as reported on the basis of field surveys among bankers and other

11/27/56

-14

businessmen.

Their attitude seemed to be that "we have tight money;

probably we need it;

that it

let's

live with it."

Mr. Williams also suggested

was somewhat surprising that there was no great opposition to

current credit policy in Philadelphia since the restraint seemed to

be more effective among city than among country banks.

There was,

however, some evidence of apprehension in academic circles as to the

dilemma the central bank might find itself in in trying to maintain

full employment on the one hand and stable prices on the other.

Mr. Williams went on to say that the crucial question was

whether additional restraint seemed appropriate in view of recent

developments.

The rise in

the bill rate above the discount rate was

not in

itself sufficient reason for an increase at this time, he said,

but if

the bill rate were to continue above the discount rate for

some time the case for an increase in

stronger.

discount rate would become

In view of the present weakness in the capital markets

and the possibility that the position of the bill rate above the

discount rate was only temporary as a result of the recent Treasury

financing, and taking into account the pressure that would develop

on reserves during the next few weeks, Mr. Williams felt it desirable

to watch developments closely before taking any action toward addi

tional restraint.

He also commented that timing was always important

in policy actions and he observed that money markets always tighten

up seasonally toward the end of the year.

For this reason and be

cause of other developments that could be expected during the next

11/27/56

-15

few weeks,

his view was that reasons for changes in

monetary policy

should be more compelling at the present time than ordinarily.

Thus,

we might find that conditions after the turn of the year (but before

the February 15 Treasury financing operation) would offer a more

"normal" environment for considering a change in policy.

Mr. Williams

concluded that open market operations should be conducted with a view

to seasonal developments, that the Committee should be especially

sensitive to the possibility of developments that might take place in

the capital markets, and that the System should not at this time make

a change in discount rates.

Mr.

Fulton said that activity in

continuing at a very high rate.

the Cleveland District was

He commented on conditions in a

number of individual industries, stating that there was no widespread

indication of fear of a downturn among businessmen.

Inventories were

increasing somewhat but this was necessary for various industries if

they were to be in

products.

a position to make reasonable deliveries of their

Plant and equipment expenditures continued at a very high

rate and this might bring about overcapacity in

some industries.

Demand for bank loans continued high, Mr. Fulton said, but he noted

that insurance companies were resuming the purchase of mortgages that

had been committed to them.

Mr.

Fulton felt it

would be completely

inappropriate to make any change in discount rate at this time.

Existence of the bill

rate at a level slightly above the discount

rate was not disturbing to him feeling it

was influenced by the

11/27/56

-16

Treasury's recent financing.

He felt there should be no apparent

relaxation of pressure on the market but funds needed for the year

end should be supplied willingly.

While the Committee should make

no change of policy, it should be alert to the needs of the financial

community.

Mr. Robertson agreed that this was a very difficult period and

he also agreed that the restrictive policy which the Committee had been

following was probably biting harder now than at any time thus far.

felt,

however,

He

that the state of business activity was such that the

Committee should not show any evidence of easing its

policy.

It

should

provide for seasonal needs as had been suggested but in doing so should

maintain the same degree of restrictiveness that had been applied during

the recent period.

Mr.

Robertson also said that now was not the appro

priate time for a change in the discount rate, although that might be

come desirable shortly.

If

this approach were to be followed, he could

see no need for changing the directive at this meeting.

Mr.

Mills said that in his opinion the difficult position of

the United States Government securities market had a first claim on

the Committee's attention.

In terms of policy action this would mean

that second place should be given to consideration of setting any

particular level of negative or positive free reserves.

In elaborating

on these views, Mr. Mills made a statement as follows

The extreme weakness in the U. S. Government securities

market can be attributed to

11/27/6

-17-

1. Cumulative seasonal pressures which have acted to

remove buying interest both for Treasury bills and longer

term U. S. Government securities.

2.

Congestion in the market for new securities where

available investment funds are insufficient to clear the

actual and potential supply of securities.

This is the type of situation that can lead to a crisis

of confidence and a disorderly market unless the Federal Re

serve System intervenes aggressively. This intervention

should be in the form of stepped-up purchases of Treasury

bills calculated to supply new reserves to a point in volume

that will

1. Bring the yield on Treasury bills down to the dis

count rate, or below, and thereby signal that the System has

no early intention of raising the discount rate.

2.

Provide the commercial banks with a margin of re

serves that will serve to assist in the retention of their

present holdings of U. S. Government and other securities

and thereby remove market concern as to the possibility of

a further commercial bank divestment of securities with a

resultant market pressure.

A margin of new reserves in the

hands of commercial banks would also permit them to extend

a modest amount of new credit to security dealers undertaking

In

the issuance and distribution of new security offerings.

combination, the provision of reserves that will permit the

commercial banks to retain their present holdings of securi

ties and to participate moderately in the distribution of

new offerings of securities should communicate strength to

the prices of longer term securities and tend to restore

market confidence.

3. Strengthen the liquidity of the commercial banks.

Although the actions recommended will inject new reserves

into the commercial banks, the existence of high loan-to-de

posit ratios will act as a sufficient restraint to prevent any

unwise expansion of bank credit and, in any event, the first

step that commercial banks can be expected to take before

considering expanding their loans will be to improve their

Under these circumstances it is, as indicated,

liquidity.

unlikely that the acquisition of new reserves will stimulate

an undesirable expansion of bank credit at this time.

In net result, the effect of the System policy actions

proposed should be that of having given general support to

the U. S. Government securities market in order to relieve

seasonal pressures and to permit the commercial banks

adequate reserve leeway with which to clear up the tight

spots in the securities and credit markets. There should

be ample time after the turn of the year for the System to

reverse the actions proposed at this time if it should

11/27/56

-18

develop that a greater volume of reserves had been provided

than was necessary to accomplish the objectives sought after.

Mr. Vardaman concurred in

the remarks that had been made by the

several Presidents who had spoken this morning and specifically stated

that he was whole-heartedly in

Hayes.

agreement with the statement made by Mr.

Also, he was in agreement with what he understood to be the

implications of Mr. Mills'

statement.

Mr. Leach said that the Fifth District economy was showing a

little

less price pressure than was found in

some other areas.

Cost

increases were occurring in soft goods industries but at a slower rate

than in heavy goods industries of other districts, where both negotiated

and automatic wage increases have had greater effects.

Fifth District increase could not, in

Even the smaller

the case of cotton textiles,

be

passed on in the form of higher prices, Mr. Leach said, although bi

tuminous coal producers were able to pass on their higher wage costs

to consumers.

On the national level, Mr.

Leach felt that the only workable

assumption for the Committee's purpose was that the Middle East situa

tion would continue to create uncertainties for some months.

might well produce some increase in

These

expansionary pressures, but avail

able data reveal no significant change in the phase of business

activity in recent weeks.

Mr. Leach did not think that the prospective developments

warranted a change in credit policy at this time, and conditions

in the capital and money markets were such that any added restraint

11/27/56

-19

now might add to difficulties.

Consequently,

increase in

in

restraint.

restraint.

he did not favor an

Neither would he wish to see any decrease

This would mean that there should be neither a change

in the discount rate, nor should there be a change in the feel of

the market.

We know that announced capital issues have been post

poned, he said, and it seems probable that many unannounced issues

have also been postponed or cancelled.

At the moment, it was Mr.

Leach's feeling that monetary policy was accomplishing all that

could reasonably be expected from it

and that the possible gain

from an attempt to increase tightness would be more than offset by

the risk of undesirable developments in the securities markets.

Mr. Leedy said that he had no new information to report with

respect to economic activity in

ever,

the Tenth District.

He noted, how

that in Oklahoma there would be some shifting of deposits at

the end of the month connected with the ad valorem tax assessment,

and that this had already been reflected in a rise in borrowings

from the Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City.

With respect to credit policy,

Mr. Leedy said the domestic

situation gave no basis for applying additional pressure.

growth in

almost every segment,

slowed down.

The

Rate of

including the credit field, had

foreign situation complicated the picture but

did not seem to call for additional restraint.

out the possibility that the bill

rate only temporarily.

He would not rule

rate may stay above the discount

Projections indicated large amounts of

11/27/56

-20

reserves would be needed between now and the end of the year to

prevent an increase in restraint, and Mr. Leedy said that he could

see no objection to the course proposed by Mr. Hayes for open mar

ket operations during the immediate future.

He felt that the manage

ment of the account should be given ample latitude during this period

so that the System would not contribute to any further demoralization

in the Government securities market.

Mr. Allen stated that expectations of a large harvest in the

Seventh District were being realized and that industrial production

was at a high level, reflecting in part the Detroit automobile situa

tion.

He noted that the industry now expected automobile production

of 6-1/2 million passenger cars during the forthcoming model year,

and that it

was estimated that this might result in

2 to 2-1/2 billion in automobile credit outstanding.

a rise of about

After commenting

on other factors in the Seventh District business and financial pic

ture, Mr. Allen said that he would not favor a more restrictive credit

policy at this time, and he certainly would not favor any easing of

policy.

He agreed with Mr. Hayes' recommendations for open market

operations during the next two weeks.

After commenting on the Ninth District business and financial

picture, Mr. Powell noted that nationally December was a month in

which the Committee could permit restraints other than monetary re

straint to have a major part in the restraining influence that seemed

to be necessary.

Retail inventories would begin to press on prices in

11/27/56

-21.

certain areas and this would produce a degree of the restraint that

was needed.

He agreed with Mr. Mills that the Open Market Committee

had a major responsibility to keep the Government securities market

from becoming disorderly,

stating that it

would be desirable for the

System account to purchase Treasury bills rather liberally at the

present time, buying them somewhat in advance of the seasonal needs

that were going to develop between now and the year end.

Mr. Powell

would not wish to see the discount rate increased at this time, adding

that the Committee should aim at keeping the business situation on an

even keel.

Mr.

Mangels said that the Twelfth District economy continued

at the same high level he had reported at other recent meetings.

agreed with the suggestion Mr.

He

Hayes had made on the policy that

should be followed during the next two weeks.

He also concurred with

the views expressed by a number of those present that the System

should not increase the degree of restraint at this time but should

supply reserves freely and willingly during the period immediately

ahead.

On the discount rate, Mr.

Mangels said that his opinion was

that there should be no change now.

The executive committee of the

San Francisco Bank would meet tomorrow, he said, and he felt sure

there would be no action to change the rate at that time.

However,

a meeting of the directors of the San Francisco Bank was scheduled

for December 13 and there was some indication that some of the di

rectors might then suggest an increase.

What the outcome of that

11/27/56

-22

discussion would be, he, of course, could not know at this time, Mr.

Mangels said, and his recommendations would depend on developments

between now and mid-December.

Mr. Mangels concurred in the suggested

change in wording of clause (b) of the directive as proposed by Mr.

Hayes, stating, however, that he did not think it was particularly

essential to make such a change.

Mr. Irons said that there had been little change in the situa

tion in the Dallas District during the last month or two and that

activities were continuing at a high level.

in

He could see no change

the national picture that called for a modification of credit policy

at this time.

An element of strength in the outlook for 1957 was the

expectation of continued large capital expenditures.

While there ap

peared to be no reason for easing policy at this time, Mr.

Irons felt

that the Committee should give the management of the account substantial

Tone and feel of the mar

leeway to act during the next several weeks.

ket would be most important during this period, Mr. Irons said, and he

could see no objection to putting $400

or $500 million into the market

between now and the year end on the basis of the projections that had

been prepared.

He would not favor a change in

discount rate now nor

would he favor any other overt action to indicate a shift in

credit

policy.

Mr,

Erickson said he had no additional information to report

concerning activity in the Boston District.

He referred to views ex

pressed at an economic roundup recently which forecast a rise in

gross

11/27/56

-23

national production and in the Board's production index during the

first half of 1957, as well as an increase in the level of wholesale

prices.

He also told of discussions with an insurance company execu

tive last week who reported a rise in the volume of policy loans, and

he suggested that this indicated an increasing effect of restrictive

monetary policy which was causing some persons to borrow for payment

of taxes and others to borrow on life insurance policies because the

banks were tightening up on their loans to individuals.

In addition,

the insurance company executive stated that they had reviewed their

policy on forward commitments as had some other insurance companies,

and were taking a more realistic position at present, which Mr.

Erickson understood meant they were not committing themselves so far

in the future as they had in the past.

As for credit policy, Mr.

Erickson said, he would favor no change in the directive at this time

nor would he change the discount rate now.

He agreed with the course

suggested by Mr. Hayes for open market operations for the next two

weeks.

Mr. Szymczak said that the two points made by Messrs. Hayes

and Mills merited serious consideration.

First, he felt that if the

directive was to be changed that should have been done about a month

ago, when we began to supply reserves to meet seasonal and Treasury

requirements, but whether the Committee should change it now or

whether it would be better to wait for developments during December

and consider the matter again in January was a question . Mr. Hayes'

-24

11/27/56

suggested change would apparently call for nothing different from

what the Committee was now doing.

His own inclination was to lean

toward the use of the broad language in the present directive so

as to avoid the necessity for changing it too frequently to meet

temporary situations.

He felt that changes in

the language of the

directive should be used to indicate a more fundamental change in

policy than was called for at this time.

The second point had to do with the Government securities

market.

Mr.

Szymczak commented that this was one of the Committee's

problems that had been with it ever since the Committee came into

existence.

it

He felt we had to take it into account realistically but

was a question of the extent to which the Committee should help

the Government securities market and of the extent to which it

do only what was required in terms of monetary policy.

to earlier wording in

should

He referred

the Committee's directives to operate with a

view to an orderly Government security market and stated that it

had

been difficult for the System to get away from that consideration

which with time became major.

As to the discount rate, Mr.

Szymczak said that to some extent

the market had already discounted an increase of 1/

the rate.

of a per cent in

However, he did not recommend an increase at this time.

The System, he said, should not disturb the markets further by an

action that would be looked upon as a dramatic step that would confirm

to some the view that the System felt additional restraint was needed

11/27/56

-25

Mr. Szymczak said that he would favor a program under which the Com

mittee would not go as far as Mr. Mills seemed to suggest but which

would move in the direction in which the Committee has been moving

for several weeks,

that is,

a program that would continue bill pur

chases between now and the end of the year.

Mr. Balderston said that Mr. Bryan had set forth the problem

that had been concerning him.

moment for overt changes in

This certainly was not an appropriate

monetary policy.

Consequently, until the

next meeting he would continue the present degree of restraint aiming

at net borrowed reserves of around $200 million without a change in

either the Committee's directive or in the discount rate.

Mr.

Balderston went on to say that he thought the Committee should be

prepared for an emergency meeting or for a telephone hookup in the

event of a disorderly securities market.

develop, he felt it

If

such a market should

important that the Committee not act prematurely.

As to the long run, Mr.

Balderston said that he felt sure

there was a fundamental change in the foreign and domestic outlook.

The impact of the change on the domestic economy was not yet clear

but it

seemed to him probable that much of what Mr.

cated would come to pass.

If

Bryan had indi

so, this would increase the strains

in the domestic economy, especially in the metals and metal produc

tion industries.

The inflationary pressure would be increased in

this country at the very time the European economy was being starved

.26.

11/27/56

for oil and some raw materials.

productivity as inevitable,

Abroad, he foresaw a downturn of

a downturn that would most certainly

be accompanied by cost and price rises, by a possible devaluation

of currencies,

and by pleas to the United States for financial and

material assistance.

priations in

These pleas, plus a step-up in military appro

this country, would cause Governmental expenditures to

rise substantially during the next year.

Mr.

Balderston expressed

concern that the nation was entering this situation loaded with debt

and other commitments.

Both inflationary and deflationary aspects

are likely to occur simultaneously,

and he did not think that general

monetary controls alone would prove adequate.

strongly supported by fiscal policy.

it

Mr.

They would need to be

Balderston suggested that

was none too soon for the Treasury to plan steps that would cause

the budget surplus to increase next year.

Only if

as a full partner of monetary policy would it

the inflation.

Mr.

fiscal policy served

be possible to minimize

Balderston said he could see nothing that this

Committee could do today to prepare for what he felt was an inevitable

sickness abroad, but it

seemed none too early to prompt the Treasury

to make plans to prevent the disappearance of the budget surplus.

After Mr.

Hayes,

at Chairman Martin's request, re-read his

suggested change in clause (b) of the Committee's directive,

the

Chairman said that while he did not think the matter of great importance,

he favored the change.

He felt it

desirable that the wording of the

directive not get frozen, and he believed there had been shades of

-27

11/27/56

change in what the Committee had been doing.

He had vacillated back

and forth a number of times in the past few weeks as to what was

called for.

He agreed with Mr.

Bryan that short-term and long-term

problems presented a dilemma as to the role of monetary policy.

Chairman Martin said he also agreed with Mr. Mills that at the end

of the year the capital and securities markets would become of major

importance in

the atmosphere in which the Committee was operating.

To recognize this did not mean that the Committee wished to move

toward a peg in the Government securities market.

The Committee

might have to put double the amount of reserves in

the market, how

ever, if

it

permitted a situation to develop too far before providing

some additional reserves.

His views were still

colored, Chairman

Martin said, by what happened at the end of 1951.

mittee would not let

However,

the market get away from it

He hoped the Com

at this point.

this did not mean that we needed to make overt changes in

policy and he did not think there was any specific level of net

borrowed reserves that offered a guidepost to bring about the de

sired situation.

As Mr. Irons had pointed out, the Committee should

be prepared in managing the System account to be alert to the amount

of reserves that would be needed in

the market between now and the

end of the year.

Chairman Martin said that the Committee need not try to fore

cast business too far in advance but he felt that it

should come to

11/27/56

-28

some conclusion as to the outlook.

Since his return from Europe

early this month he had been trying to reach a conclusion on this

point and on the relationship of developments in the Middle East

to our domestic situation.

He believed it

the boom had ended in Europe.

However,

too early to say that

factors might be developing

which would bring about a decline in business and the Committee

should bear that in mind.

He was not weakening in his conviction

that the elements for growth in

our economy were still

with us,

but a minor cyclical movement might be developing.

Turning to current policy,

Chairman Martin said that while

there seemed to be minor differences of opinion at this meeting, in

general the consensus was surprisingly good.

For his part he would

favor a change in the wording of the directive along the lines Mr.

Hayes had suggested.

Mr.

Hayes again read his proposed change, which would supple

ment the existing words,

"to restraining inflationary developments in

the interest of sustainable economic growth," by adding "while avoid

ing further pressures in

the money,

credit, and securities markets

resulting from seasonal factors."

Mr. Mills said that he felt

in

the change Mr.

Hayes had suggested

the directive would be desirable as a means of expressing in

the

record an indication that the Committee was alert to the kind of

pressures that developed each year end.

Such wording of the directive

would indicate that the Committee was proceeding in a way that would

11/27/56

-29

modify these year-end developments.

Mr. Vardaman concurred in

Martin and Mr.

Mills,

the views expressed by Chairman

stating that it

seemed to him important that

the record show that the Committee recognized recent developments

and their possible effect on the economy.

There followed a general discussion of the change that Mr.

Hayes had proposed in the wording of clause (b) of the directive

during which the consensus of comments indicated that some modifica

tion of the existing wording would be desirable.

various suggestions,

After considering

there was agreement that clause (b) of the first

paragraph of the Committee's directive should be changed to indicate

that operations for the System account should be with a view among

other things "to restraining inflationary developments in

the interest

of sustainable economic growth, while recognizing additional pressures

in

the money,

credit, and capital markets resulting from seasonal

factors and international conditions."

Mr. Rouse stated, in response to Chairman Martin's question,

that he had no suggestions for other changes in the Committee's direc

tive.

Thereupon, upon motion duly made

and seconded, and by unanimous vote,

the following directive to the Federal

Reserve Bank of New York, with the

modification in clause (b) set forth

above, was approved:

(1) To make such purchases, sales, or exchanges

(including replacement of maturing securities, and

11/27/56

-30-

allowing maturities to run off without replacement) for

the System open market account in the open market or, in

the case of maturing securities, by direct exchange with

the Treasury, as may be necessary in the light of current

and prospective economic conditions and the general credit

situation of the country, with a view (a) to relating the

supply of funds in the market to the needs of commerce and

business, (b) to restraining inflationary developments in

the interest of sustainable economic growth, while recogniz

ing additional pressures in the money, credit, and capital

markets resulting from seasonal factors and international

conditions, and (c)to the practical administration of the

account; provided that the aggregate amount of securities

held in the System account (including commitments for the

purchase or sale of securities for the account) at the close

of this date, other than special short-term certificates of

indebtedness purchased from time to time for the temporary

accommodation of the Treasury, shall not be increased or

decreased by more than $1 billion;

(2)

To purchase direct from the Treasury for the

account of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York (with

discretion, in cases where it seems desirable, to issue

participations to one or more Federal Reserve Banks) such

amounts of special short-term certificates of indebtedness

as may be necessary from time to time for the temporary

accommodation of the Treasury; provided that the total

amount of such certificates held at any one time by the

Federal Reserve Banks shall not exceed in the aggregate

$500 million;

(3) To sell direct to the Treasury from the System

account for gold certificates such amounts of Treasury

securities maturing within one year as may be necessary

from time to time for the accommodation of the Treasury;

provided that the total amount of such securities so sold

shall not exceed in the aggregate $500 million face amount,

and such sales shall be made as nearly as may be practicable

at the prices currently quoted in the open market.

Chairman Martin called upon Mr. Mills for a statement with re

spect to the proposal made at the meeting on November 13, 1956, that

the limit on the authority of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York to

purchase bankers'

acceptances be increased.

A memorandum from Mr. Rouse

on this subject had been distributed to the members of the Committee

11/27/56

-31

under date of November 16, 1956.

Mr. Mills noted that the proposal made by Mr. Rouse was that

the limit on the authority for direct purchases of bankers'

by the New York Bank for its

acceptances

own account, as given by the Federal Open

Market Committee at the meeting on March 2, 1955 and as renewed at the

meeting on March 6, 1956, be increased from $25 million to $50 million.

Reasons for the proposed increase, Mr.

Mills said, were that the tight

credit market and the withdrawal to a degree from the bankers'

acceptance

market of some foreign central banks had overloaded the market beyond its

capacity to absorb the volume of acceptances offered, at least at the

ruling rates that were in

ber 13.

effect at the time of the meeting on Novem

For these reasons the Committee might wish to increase the

limit on purchases as a safety valve since holdings of the New York

Bank were rising toward the $25-million level.

A disadvantage to the

proposal was that the System, by giving support to the bankers'

acceptance market, might narrow that market and reduce the incentive

for dealers to exploit and expand the market beyond its

Mr. Mills went on to say, however,

present limits.

that in view of the unsettled inter

national situation and in view of the importance of foreign banks to

the bankers'

acceptance market, it

on purchases of bankers'

would be his opinion that the limit

acceptances should be increased as suggested,

but with the understanding that the System would tend to be a reluctant

purchaser rather than a free purchaser of additional bankers'

At a later time, when a clearer view of the bankers'

acceptances.

acceptance market

11/27/56

-32

could be revealed, the Committee should review the matter further to

determine whether the limit should remain at $50 million or be reduced

to the previous $25-million level.

Mr.

Hayes stated that the New York Bank was suggesting that

another limit be placed on the amount that might be purchased,

that it

namely,

could not exceed either $50 million or 10 per cent of the total

volume of prime bankers'

ceding month.

It

acceptances outstanding at the end of the pre

would be understood, he said, that the New York Bank

would continue to deal only at the market and would not allow itself to

become the residual buyer for bankers'

value of acceptance purchases in

Hayes felt

acceptances.

In addition to the

giving assistance to dealers,

Mr.

that the acceptance should be a regular means of carrying

on open market operations, being used as a money market instrument.

He also stated that the Committee should feel free to review the

authorization and to change it

at any time.

Mr. Robertson said that he would oppose the suggested increase

in

authority to purchase bankers'

acceptances.

He felt

that the argu

ments for the increase were exactly the same as those made when the

proposal first

came up, when the Committee agreed to go along with the

idea on the basis that it

show an interest in

would be desirable for the central bank to

the acceptance market but not for the purpose of

carrying out monetary policy.

It

was his view that the current pro

posal was not for the purpose of showing an interest on the part of

11/27/56

-33

the central bank; rather, the central bank was becoming a residual

buyer for acceptances and would be taking the excess supply off the

market, at the going rate, at a time when regular buyers were not

willing to do so.

Mr. Robertson said that he felt it

would be wiser

if

the Committee were to avoid subsidizing the acceptance dealers.

If

it

wished to support the acceptance market it

would be preferable

to do so on the basis that had been followed years ago of standing

ready to be a residual buyer of acceptances,

but at a rate which

would not provide dealers with a profit.

Mr.

Allen said that he had questioned the desirability of

this proposal on somewhat the same grounds that Mr. Robertson mentioned,

He had reviewed all of the memoranda that had been supplied on this

subject since 1954, he said, and on the basis of his knowledge and

experience in

dealing with this market he did not feel that System

purchases of bankers'

acceptances within the present $25 million limit

were of any importance in

supporting the market.

He questioned who

would be assisted by increasing the limit, stating that purchase of

an additional $25 million would simply place more money with the

banks that needed it

today and that only those few banks would profit

It

was his view that this was a good time to permit

from the action.

the acceptance dealers and others interested in

the market to go out

and find a new market for the acceptance.

Mr. Hayes commented that a number of commercial bankers in

New York and elsewhere had for some time been trying to build up the

11/27/56

-34

market for acceptances,

and recently there had been some evidence

of a broadening of the market.

Mr.

Rouse said that as far as the New York Bank's operation

was concerned,

the volume of acceptances had fluctuated seasonally

within the existing limit since the authority was given early in 1955,

and in

general it

would continue to do that.

He added that the Bank

had not been a residual buyer at any time in this period and would not

contemplate getting into that position.

Mr.

Vardaman said that the decision should not be based on

whether the authority would help the dealers.

the value of the authority in

It

stimulating the use of the acceptance

as an instrument in foreign or domestic trade.

that was all

was a question of

If

the banks benefited

right with him, Mr. Vardaman said, and if

was worth-while, which he believed it

the development of a market for its

was,

it

the instrument

was desirable to encourage

use.

Mr. Saymczak stated that he too favored developing the bankers'

acceptance as a money market mechanism and that he would favor the in

crease in authority as proposed.

Mr.

Thomas said that the acceptance was a particularly convenient

instrument for Federal Reserve policy in

that it

enabled banks to create

instruments to obtain reserves for seasonal purposes.

larly convenient instrument for foreign trade.

If

It

was a particu

the banks saw that

the Federal Reserve was willing to buy, say, $50 million of acceptances,

11/27/56

-35

there would be more of an incentive to increase their use, and banks

might move in the direction of reducing their commission on these

instruments.

It was Mr.

Thomas'

view that there would be a great ad

vantage in having the System indicate an increased interest in

this

particular market.

Mr. Johns stated similar views, and he described the increased

use of the bankers'

acceptance that had developed among Memphis banks

in financing cotton transactions.

Mr.

Johns said that he would favor

wider use of the instrument.

Chairman Martin said that this was the basic point in the discus

sion, that is, whether the Committee believed that the acceptance was an

instrument that should be encouraged.

He noted that there was a dif

ference of opinion, stating that Mr. Robertson had eloquently discussed

the matter at a number of meetings of the Committee.

There was a ques

tion whether we would achieve our purpose, but Chairman Martin stated

that his judgment was that a showing of System interest in

would help to develop it.

the market

He did not object to the Reserve Banks being

residual buyers of acceptances.

However, he did not feel the proposed

increase was a matter of major importance although he would favor in

creasing the limit.

Mr. Robertson said that in his view such action would have the

opposite effect on the development of an acceptance market.

The more

the System bought acceptances, the more it deprived the dealers of the

incentive to go out and develop a market.

11/27/56

-36

Mr. Mills said that he was impressed by the atmosphere

of emergency and crisis that we faced in the money market.

the System dealt in

Whether

Treasury bills as being the instrument nearest

to money or in bankers'

acceptances was just one step removed.

When

New York banks were experiencing unusually tight conditions the

bankers'

acceptance offered a means for adjusting their reserve posi

tion rather than going to the discount window.

This was a flexible

instrument which would provide reserves at a time when they were

needed.

Messrs. Williams, Erickson, and Leach expressed themselves as

favoring the development of a greater market for bankers' acceptances,

and Mr.

Balderston also indicated that he would favor approval of the

increased limit on the authority for the New York Bank.

Chairman Martin reiterated that he, too, would favor the sug

gestion Mr. Mills had presented for increasing the authorization from

$25 to $50 million on an experimental basis.

Thereupon, upon motion duly made

and seconded, the Committee authorized

the Federal Reserve Bank of New York to

buy and sell for its own account prime

bankers' acceptances in accordance with

the authorization given in March of 1955

and renewed on March 6, 1956, provided

that the total amount of such acceptances

held at any one time by the Bank should

not exceed $50 million and provided

further, that such holdings should not

be more than 10 per cent of the total of

11/27/56

-37bankers' acceptances outstanding as shown

in the most recent acceptance survey con

ducted by the Federal Reserve Bank of New

York.

On this action Mr. Robertson voted "no."

Mr. Allen, although not a member of the

Committee, indicated that he would not favor

the foregoing action.

Secretary's note:

The resolution ap

proved at the meeting on March 6, 1956, as

changed by the foregoing action, reads as

follows:

The Federal Open Market Committee hereby authorizes the

Federal Reserve Bank of New York for its own account to buy

from and sell to acceptance dealers, at market rates of dis

count, prime bankers' acceptances of the kinds designated in

the regulations of the Federal Open Market Committee, at such

times and in such amounts as may be advisable and consistent

with the general credit policies and instructions of the

Federal Open Market Committee, provided that the aggregate

amount of such bankers' acceptances held at any one time by

the Federal Reserve Bank of New York shall not exceed $50

million and provided further, that such holdings shall not

be more than 10 per cent of the total of bankers' acceptances

outstanding as shown in the most recent acceptance survey

conducted by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York.

The Federal Open Market Committee further authorizes the

Federal Reserve Bank of New York to enter into repurchase

agreements with nonbank dealers in bankers' acceptances cover

ing prime bankers' acceptances of the kinds designated in the

regulations of the Federal Open Market Committee, subject to

the same conditions on which the Federal Reserve Bank of New

York is now or may hereafter be authorized from time to time

by the Federal Open Market Committee to enter into repurchase

agreements covering United States Government securities,

except that the maturities of such bankers' acceptances at

the time of entering into such repurchase agreements shall

not exceed six months, and except that in the event of the

-38

11/27/56

failure of the seller to repurchase, such acceptances

shall continue to be held by the Federal Reserve Bank

or shall be sold in the open market.

Such repurchase

agreements shall be at the same rate as that applicable,

at the time of entering into such agreements, to re

purchase agreements covering United States Government

securities.

Chairman Martin noted that the next meeting of the Committee

was scheduled for 10:00 a.m. on Monday, December 10, 1956.

Chairman Martin stated that the members of the Board of Governors

would like to have the Presidents of the Federal Reserve Banks comment

concerning the maximum permissible rates of interest payable on time

and savings deposits,

as fixed by the Board of Governors in Regulation

Q, Payment of Interest on Deposits.

He noted that this matter had been

discussed on a number of occasions over a period of time and stated that,

in view of requests being received for a change in the limit, it

assist the Board if

would

each of the Presidents would express his view con

cerning the rates that should be permitted under the regulation.

summary of their conclusions follows:

Mr. Hayes said that in its recommendation to the

Board of Governors, the New York Bank had initially

recommended going to 2-3/4 per cent on time deposits

with a maturity of 90 days or more and had recommended

The

no change on the rate for savings deposits.

assumption had been that a differential of 1/4 per

cent between the time deposit rate and the savings

deposit rate would not be particularly significant.

Subsequently, however, Mr. Hayes said that he had con

cluded that in view of rising market rates of interest

he would prefer that the rates on both savings deposits

and longer-term time deposits be increased to 3 per cent,

with some related modification of shorter-term time

A

11/27/56

-39-

deposit rates. In his opinion such action would be

justified in the light of current market rates of in

terest and in view of the fact that these rates had

not been changed in 20 years.

Mr. Johns stated that he would support the views

expressed by Mr. Hayes.

Mr. Bryan said that he was strongly in favor of going

to 3 per cent as a permissive maximum rate on both time and

savings deposits.

Mr. Williams noted that there was strong opposition in

the Third District, especially in the outlying areas, to an

increase in the maximum permissive rate. His personal posi

tion was that he was sensitive to the problem that had been

presented by the New York banks and he indicated that some

increase in the maximum rates might be called for.

Mr. Fulton was opposed to any increase in the maximum

permissible rate on either time or savings deposits, feel

ing that it would encourage banks to reach for high-yield

investments with possibly catastrophic results.

Mr. Leach stated that, while he previously had been

opposed to an increase in the maximum permissible rate

under Regulation Q and while most bankers would be opposed

to an increase, if he were a member of the Board of

Governors he would vote to increase the rate above the

present 2-1/2 per cent ceiling on both time and savings

deposits.

Mr. Leedy said that while an increase in the maximum

would be unpopular with banks he could not see that the

bankers' attitude should be controlling. Basically, he

felt the Board should not be in the business of attempt

ing to regulate rates on time deposits and he said it

was particularly undesirable that they be regulated in

He could

the detail required by the law and Regulation Q.

not see any justification, however, for continuing the

maximum rate of 2-1/2 per cent that had been fixed in

1936 when the whole structure of interest rates was

completely different from what it is now.

trict

Mr. Allen said that the bankers in the Seventh Dis

were opposed to an increase in the maximum permissible

11/27/56

-40

rate, that the directors of the Detroit Branch of the

Chicago Bank yesterday adopted a resolution opposing an

increase in the rate, and that he personally would not

favor an upward movement in the rate until more banks

had gotten closer to the existing 2-1/2 per cent maximum

permitted and had shown that they could live with the

expense implied by such a rate.

Mr. Powell said he would not be opposed to increasing

the maximum permissible rate on time and savings deposits

to 3 per cent, believing that to be a natural rate and the

sort of rate that people feel that they should receive on

long-term savings.

Banks were making good profits and all

other interest rates had risen to what he felt was a more

normal level than had existed for many years.

Since the

banks could afford to pay more on savings, he would support

a 3 per cent rate at this time.

Mr. Mangels said that the bankers in the Twelfth District

would not favor an increase in the maximum rate. His personal

view would support an increase in the maximum rate permitted

on time deposits up to six months' maturity along the lines

suggested in the question presented to the Presidents' Con

ference in September, but he would not favor an increase in

the over-all ceilings under Regulation Q.

Mr. Irons would support an increase in the maximum rate

He would

to 3 per cent on both time and savings deposits.

not be in favor of an increase in the rate on time deposits

without a corresponding increase in the rate on savings

deposits.

Mr. Erickson stated that he would now favor an increase

in the maximum permissible rate on both time and savings

deposits.

Thereupon the meeting adjourned.

Secretary