FOMC Minutes

September 16, 2003

A meeting of the Federal Open Market Committee was held in the offices of the Board of Governors

of the Federal Reserve System in Washington, D.C., on Tuesday, September 16, 2003, at 9:00 a.m.

Present:

Mr. Greenspan, Chairman

Mr. Bernanke

Ms. Bies

Mr. Broaddus

Mr. Ferguson

Mr. Gramlich

Mr. Guynn

Mr. Kohn

Mr. Moskow

Mr. Olson

Mr. Parry

Mr. Hoenig, Mses. Minehan and Pianalto, Messrs. Poole and Stewart, Alternate

Members of the Federal Open Market Committee

Messrs. McTeer, Santomero, and Stern, Presidents of the Federal Reserve Banks of

Dallas, Philadelphia, and Minneapolis respectively

Mr. Reinhart, Secretary and Economist

Mr. Bernard, Deputy Secretary

Ms. Smith, Assistant Secretary

Mr. Mattingly, General Counsel

Ms. Johnson, Economist

Mr. Stockton, Economist

Mr. Connors, Ms. Cumming, Messrs. Eisenbeis, Evans, Goodfriend, Howard, Judd,

Madigan, Struckmeyer, and Wilcox, Associate Economists

Mr. Kos, Manager, System Open Market Account

Mr. Hambley, Assistant to the Board, Congressional Liaison Office, Board of

Governors

Messrs. Slifman and Oliner, Associate Directors, Division of Research and Statistics,

Board of Governors

Messrs. Clouse, Kamin, and Whitesell, Deputy Associate Directors, Divisions of

Monetary Affairs, International Finance, and Monetary Affairs respectively, Board of

Governors

Mr. English, Assistant Director, Division of Monetary Affairs, Board of Governors

Mr. Skidmore, Special Assistant to the Board, Office of Board Members, Board of

Governors

Mr. Luecke, Senior Financial Analyst, Division of Monetary Affairs, Board of

Governors

Ms. Low, Open Market Secretariat Assistant, Division of Monetary Affairs, Board of

Governors

Messrs. Fuhrer and Hakkio, Mses. Mester and Perelmuter, Messrs. Rolnick,

Rosenblum, and Sniderman, Senior Vice Presidents, Federal Reserve Banks of

Boston, Kansas City, Philadelphia, New York, Minneapolis, Dallas, and Cleveland

respectively

Mr. Bullard, Vice President, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

By unanimous vote, the minutes of the meeting of the Federal Open Market Committee held

on August 12, 2003, were approved.

The Manager of the System Open Market Account reported on recent developments in

foreign exchange markets. There were no open market operations in foreign currencies for

the System's account in the period since the previous meeting.

The Manager also reported on developments in domestic financial markets and on System

open market transactions in government securities and securities issued or fully guaranteed

by federal agencies during the period August 12, 2003, through September 15, 2003. By

unanimous vote, the Committee ratified these transactions.

The information reviewed at this meeting suggested that economic activity had been picking

up in recent months, although the data were not uniformly positive. Domestic final demand

had strengthened appreciably, with solid gains in both household and business spending.

While industrial production was growing, job losses continued. Inventories were again drawn

down. Consumer prices had edged up in recent months, but year-over-year consumer

inflation remained at a very low level.

Private nonfarm payroll employment fell again in August, with a decline similar to those in

June and July. Employment continued to fall in the manufacturing, wholesale and retail trade,

transportation and utilities, and information categories. Employment in the service industry

was about unchanged as job losses in professional and business services largely offset

expansion in non-business services. Growth in construction employment continued.

Aggregate hours of private production workers edged down in August, reflecting the

employment declines, while the average workweek was unchanged. The unemployment rate

fell to 6.1 percent in August.

Industrial production posted a solid increase in July after no change in June. Data available

for August suggested increased output at utilities, reflecting abnormally hot weather, but little

net change in manufacturing. Overall capacity utilization rose in July, led by the increase in

utility production.

Retail sales rose a bit further in August after surging in July. Real personal consumption

spending advanced briskly through July (latest data) as all major categories of outlays

recorded increases. Real disposable income rose substantially in July largely because of the

reduction in tax withholdings and the delivery of advance refund checks relating to higher

childcare deductions. The further delivery of such checks in August was expected to have a

positive effect on spending in that month as well. Although the index of consumer sentiment

ticked down in August and early September, it remained well above its March low.

Housing construction and sales remained very strong in July. Single-family housing starts

rose a bit further from the record level in June, while multifamily housing starts were

unchanged. Sales of existing homes were up sharply in July, and new home sales remained

robust but were off slightly from their rapid June advance.

Data on orders and shipments of nondefense capital goods in July suggested that the upward

trend in real business outlays for equipment and software had carried into the third quarter.

Total shipments of nondefense capital goods rose moderately in July, with continued notable

strength in computers and peripheral equipment. Shipments of communications equipment

were off only slightly in July after a surge in June. Orders for nondefense capital goods

overall were little changed in July. A drop in nonresidential construction expenditures in July

reversed the gains made in the second quarter, with declines in all categories except

non-office commercial structures.

Inventories contracted in the second quarter, and partial data for July suggested that the

runoff continued into the third quarter. The book value of manufacturing inventories declined

for the month, led by stocks of durable goods. However, inventories of wholesale goods

edged up. Inventory shipment ratios for the manufacturing sector at book value moved down

considerably in July, and book value inventory-sales ratios for wholesalers remained at very

low levels by historical standards.

The U.S. international trade deficit edged down in June as exports of goods and services

increased and imports were unchanged. For the major foreign industrial countries, economic

data for the second quarter were mixed. While real GDP grew strongly in Japan and growth

picked up in the United Kingdom, real GDP edged down in Canada and the euro area.

Core consumer prices rose slightly less in August than in July. Both consumer food and

energy prices rose somewhat faster than the core components, leaving the overall consumer

inflation rate in August slightly higher than in July. Over the twelve-month period ending in

August, overall consumer prices were up a bit from the previous year, while core consumer

prices decelerated. After significant declines during the second quarter, overall producer

prices edged up in July and rose a bit further in August. Core producer prices, however, were

little changed for the two months and posted only a slight increase over the twelve-month

period. With regard to labor costs, average hourly earnings of production or nonsupervisory

workers on private nonfarm payrolls ticked up in August. The twelve-month change in

average hourly earnings was about the same as that in the previous year.

At its meeting on August 12, 2003, the Federal Open Market Committee adopted a directive

that called for maintaining conditions in reserve markets consistent with keeping the federal

funds rate at around 1 percent. In reaching this decision, the Committee members generally

perceived the upside and downside risks to the attainment of sustainable growth for the next

few quarters to be roughly equal; however, they viewed the probability, though minor, of an

unwelcome fall in inflation as exceeding that of a rise in inflation from its already low level.

The Committee judged that, on balance, the risk of inflation becoming undesirably low

would remain the predominant concern for the foreseeable future. In those circumstances, the

Committee believed that policy accommodation could be maintained for a considerable

period.

The Committee's decision to leave its target for the federal funds rate and assessment of risks

unchanged at the August meeting was widely anticipated. On net over the intermeeting

period, market expectations for the federal funds rate changed little. However, intermediateand longer-term interest rates were volatile over the period, with yields on Treasury coupons

declining slightly on balance. Yields on most investment-grade securities moved in line with

those on Treasury obligations, but a more optimistic economic outlook among investors

contributed to a substantial decline in speculative-grade yields. Broad stock price indexes

rose notably, boosted by improved economic growth prospects and the associated upwardly

revised expectations for earnings.

On balance, the nominal value of the dollar changed little on a broad trade-weighted basis

over the intermeeting period. Optimism about global recovery reportedly prompted gains in

the equity markets of major industrial countries. Benchmark government bond yields rose in

most foreign industrial economies.

M2 grew briskly again in August, boosted by the effects of mortgage refinancing activity, a

temporary bulge in liquid deposits caused by payment delays related to power outages, and

tax rebate disbursements.

The staff forecast prepared for this meeting continued to suggest a substantially stronger

economic expansion than had occurred earlier in the year. Accommodative financial

conditions, recent additional fiscal stimulus, and robust gains in structural productivity would

provide significant impetus to business and consumer spending over the months ahead.

Concurrently, household expenditures, buoyed by recent tax cuts, were expected to be well

maintained. Inventory levels had been substantially reduced, and the size of business capital

stocks apparently had continued to move closer to acceptable levels. As a consequence,

improving sales and profits, low financing costs, and the temporary federal tax incentive for

investment in new equipment and software were expected to boost business investment

spending over time. Given the substantial ongoing slack in resource utilization, some slight

downward pressure on core consumer price inflation was anticipated in the staff forecast.

In the Committee's discussion of current and prospective economic developments, the

members focused both on the increased evidence of a pickup in the pace of the expansion and

on the persisting weakness in labor markets. The advance in economic activity in recent

months reflected continued strength in household spending, reinforced by an increasing

contribution from business investment expenditures. The members viewed these and related

developments as supporting forecasts of robust growth in economic activity over coming

quarters, consistent with the stimulative monetary and fiscal policies, accommodative

conditions in financial markets, and the positive implications of strong productivity growth

for both incomes and investment outlays. Members nonetheless cited a number of factors that

had the potential to retard the expansion, including the persistence of notably cautious

business sentiment, the potential that weak employment conditions, should they persist,

would at some point depress consumer spending, and the prospect that sluggish economic

activity abroad would curb the growth in U.S. exports. On balance, the members saw

favorable prospects for strong economic growth over the forecast horizon, though they also

expected that the gap between actual output and potential output would close only slowly and

that growth in employment would remain limited. Against this background and taking into

account the outlook for continued strength in productivity, members anticipated that inflation

would remain subdued and perhaps even edge lower despite the expected strength in

economic activity.

In their comments about developments in various parts of the country, members cited

increased examples of an upturn in confidence among their business contacts. This

improvement was not universal, notably within manufacturing sectors of the economy, and

overall business attitudes toward hiring and investment decisions continued to be described

as exceptionally cautious. Members anticipated, however, that such business attitudes would

give way to optimism at some point, possibly quite suddenly, as uncertainties relating to the

outlook for final demand were replaced by concerns about missing profit opportunities in a

strengthening expansion. Comments by many contacts in the banking sector were already

quite upbeat with regard to the outlook for business spending and optimism in financial

markets clearly had been improving for several months. In general, financial markets were

viewed as well positioned to support more vigorous expansion in economic activity.

In their comments about prospective developments in the major components of aggregate

demand, members anticipated that the household sector would remain the mainstay of the

expansion and that it would be significantly reinforced going forward by an acceleration in

business expenditures and, at least over the next several quarters, by substantial further

increases in federal government spending. Some softening in motor vehicle sales from the

exceptional pace in recent months seemed likely, but overall consumer spending probably

would be sustained at a high level by further anticipated gains in disposable incomes

bolstered by the stimulus from recent federal tax cuts. A potential negative in this outlook

was the possibility that weakness in employment, if it continued, would at some point exert a

more pronounced negative effect on consumer sentiment.

In the housing area, residential sales and construction stayed at elevated levels during the

summer months, with at least some portion of the strength reportedly stemming from efforts

by many homebuyers to move ahead of further increases in mortgage interest rates. The

run-up in mortgage rates since the latter part of June was expected to curb housing demand to

a limited extent in coming months, but the outlook for housing activity remained favorable,

given an overall economic performance in line with current forecasts of a robust expansion,

related growth in incomes, and still relatively attractive mortgage interest rates.

Business fixed investment remained a critical factor and also a major source of uncertainty in

the outlook for overall economic activity, with the strength of such investment having a key

bearing on the pace of the overall expansion. In this regard, the second-quarter increase in

expenditures for equipment and software was an encouraging sign and the available evidence

pointed to a larger advance in the third quarter. Looking beyond the near term, members

mentioned a number of developments that supported an optimistic outlook for capital

expenditures. These included an appreciable acceleration in final sales since the first quarter,

sizable increases in business profits and cash flow this year, the ready availability of business

financing on attractive terms, and the temporarily accelerated expensing provision in the tax

code. On the constraining side were the persistence of high levels of excess capacity and

significant business uncertainty and caution regarding the extent and durability of the

acceleration in final sales. To date, businesses had displayed only limited signs of

undertaking any investments other than for replacement and cost-cutting purposes. Even so,

the recent firming of orders and shipments along with somewhat more upbeat anecdotal

reports and surveys of business spending plans pointed to a relatively brisk further advance in

business spending for equipment and software, at least over the near term. Nonresidential

construction activity remained at a generally depressed level but appeared to have bottomed

out, with signs of an upturn in new or planned construction in some areas.

Increasing business inventory expenditures to accommodate strengthening final sales were

seen as a likely positive factor in the expansion of overall economic activity in coming

quarters, though the degree and timing of the impetus from a prospective buildup in

inventories were subject to considerable uncertainty. Pointing to anticipated strength in

inventory accumulation was the substantial drawdown in stocks that had occurred as final

sales picked up this year, a marked resulting drop in inventory-sales ratios, and expectations

of accelerating final demand. At the same time, however, the persistence of business

uncertainty and related caution were, with some exceptions, continuing to inhibit inventory

investment. Moreover, the trend toward improved communication and delivery systems was

encouraging business firms to hold inventories at increasingly low levels in relation to

expected sales. According to anecdotal reports, even service firms were now increasingly

adopting advanced management techniques to hold down their inventories of items used in

the process of providing their services. Against this background, it seemed unlikely that

businesses would seek to rebuild their inventories sufficiently to restore earlier

inventory-sales ratios. Even so, further increases in sales would eventually lead to improved

business confidence and induce efforts to accumulate inventories, though probably to a lesser

extent than had occurred in earlier cyclical recoveries.

Fiscal policy was likely to remain a key source of stimulus to the expansion. Federal

spending was expected to increase substantially further, albeit at a diminishing pace over the

next year and beyond, and reduced taxes should buoy both consumer and business

expenditures. It was not clear at this point to what extent the partial expensing provision was

boosting business investment in equipment and software, but the high level of consumer

spending clearly was playing a role in fostering such investment. Members commented that

the current degree of fiscal stimulus was at its highest level since the World War II period,

and some expressed concern in this regard that little legislative consideration was being

given to reapplying fiscal restraint as changing economic conditions would warrant over

time. The fiscal condition of many state and local governments remained severely stressed,

and ongoing efforts by these governments to curb spending and increase tax and other

revenues provided a partial offset to the federal sector stimulus. Some members reported,

however, that tax receipts recently had improved noticeably in a number of states.

In their comments about the outlook for the foreign sector of the economy, members referred

to indications of some overall improvement in foreign economic activity, which augured well

for the growth in exports. They also noted that the prospective performance of foreign

economies would depend to a significant extent on the strength of the U.S. economy. With

the latter displaying relative vigor, the value of domestic imports was likely to continue to

exceed that of exports by a substantial margin, thereby tending to perpetuate the large current

account deficits that had worrisome implications for the future. Members also expressed

concern about indications of growing protectionism, which characteristically tended to

increase in periods of substantial underutilization of labor and other resources, and the

adverse effects of that development on competition and inflation.

The members agreed that inflation was likely to remain subdued for an extended period,

given current forecasts of economic activity and labor productivity trends. Specific views

regarding the most probable course of inflation differed to some degree, but many members

expected little change over the year ahead and even beyond. Several saw a significant risk of

some further disinflation over that period even assuming economic growth at a pace that

somewhat exceeded the economy's long-run potential. In this regard, members referred to

their expectations that the gap between actual and potential output was likely to narrow only

slowly and possibly not close completely over their forecast horizon. They also noted that the

substantial margins of excess capacity in question likely would continue to characterize the

international as well as the domestic economy for a considerable period. Tending to counter

the resulting disinflationary effects were signs that the expansion in globalization might be

slowing. In particular, difficulties in reaching global trade agreements along with a rise in

protectionism could tend to inhibit the increasingly strong competition in worldwide markets

that had been a key factor in holding down inflation. The members also cited other factors

that would tend to maintain some upward pressure on prices, notably the relatively rapid rise

in costs of labor benefits, especially medical and pension benefits. Increases in the prices of

some raw materials were also noted. In general, the members concluded that the economy

would need to grow at a pace above potential for a time before they could be confident that

the risks of further unwelcome disinflation had materially diminished.

In the Committee's discussion of policy for the intermeeting period ahead, all the members

endorsed a proposal to maintain an unchanged policy stance involving reserve conditions

consistent with a target rate of 1 percent for the federal funds rate. The members agreed that

despite the increasing evidence of some acceleration in the expansion of economic activity,

an accommodative policy stance remained appropriate in the context of the currently large

and persisting margins of unemployed labor and other resources and very low inflation.

Several commented that the recent strengthening of the economy had served to alleviate but

had not eliminated their concerns about the possibility of further disinflation. While both

downside and upside risks continued to cloud the outlook for economic activity and thus for

monetary policy, the economy's sizable output gap strongly suggested that inflation would

remain muted over coming quarters even assuming relatively robust economic growth in line

with current forecasts. Accordingly, the economy might well expand at a brisk pace for an

extended period before inflationary pressures began to emerge and call for an adjustment to

monetary policy.

In their discussion of the press statement to be issued shortly after this meeting, the members

indicated that the Committee's risk assessments relating to economic activity and inflation to

be referenced in that statement should remain the same as those in use since the May

meeting. In particular, the risks to the goal of sustainable economic growth were about

balanced for the next few quarters and the probability of an unwelcome fall in inflation,

though minor, exceeded that of a rise in inflation from its currently low level. On balance, the

risk of undesirably low inflation was likely to be the Committee's predominant concern for

the foreseeable future.

The members also reviewed the further use of the reference concerning the maintenance of

an accommodative policy stance "for a considerable period" that was included in the press

statement issued for the August meeting. Given the uncertainties that characteristically

surround the economic outlook and the need for an appropriate policy response to changing

economic conditions, the members generally agreed that the Committee should not usually

commit itself to a particular policy stance over some pre-established, extended time frame.

The course of policy would be determined by the evaluation of the outlook, not the passage

of time. The unusual configuration of already low interest rates and reservations about the

strength of the expansion had justified the inclusion of the phrase "for a considerable period"

in the statement issued in August. While changing circumstances would call for removal of

that reference at some point, doing so at this meeting might suggest the members' views on

the economy had changed markedly. Accordingly, the Committee decided to release a

statement after this meeting that was virtually identical to that used after the August meeting

apart from some minor updating to reflect ongoing economic developments.

At the conclusion of the discussion, the Committee voted to authorize and direct the Federal

Reserve Bank of New York, until it was instructed otherwise, to execute transactions in the

System Account in accordance with the following domestic policy directive:

The Federal Open Market Committee seeks monetary and financial conditions

that will foster price stability and promote sustainable growth in output. To

further its long-run objectives, the Committee in the immediate future seeks

conditions in reserve markets consistent with maintaining the federal funds rate

at an average of around 1 percent.

Votes for this action: Messrs. Greenspan, Bernanke, Ms. Bies, Messrs.

Broaddus, Ferguson, Gramlich, Guynn, Kohn, Moskow, Olson, Parry, and

Stewart. (Mr. Stewart voted as an alternate member.)

Votes against this action: None.

The vote encompassed the substance of the following statements concerning risks that would

be conveyed in the Committee's press release to be made available shortly after the meeting:

The risks to the Committee's outlook for sustainable economic growth over the

next several quarters are balanced; the risks to its outlook for inflation over the

next several quarters are weighted toward the downside; and, taken together, the

balance of risks to its objectives is weighted toward the downside in the

foreseeable future.

It was agreed that the next meeting of the Committee would be held on Tuesday, October 28,

2003.

The meeting adjourned at 1:05 p.m.

Vincent R. Reinhart

Secretary

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