FOMC Minutes
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Minutes of the Federal Open Market Committee
January 29–30, 2019
A joint meeting of the Federal Open Market Committee
and the Board of Governors was held in the offices of
the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System
in Washington, D.C., on Tuesday, January 29, 2019, at
10:00 a.m. and continued on Wednesday, January
30, 2019, at 9:00 a.m. 1
PRESENT:
Jerome H. Powell, Chairman
John C. Williams, Vice Chairman
Michelle W. Bowman
Lael Brainard
James Bullard
Richard H. Clarida
Charles L. Evans
Esther L. George
Randal K. Quarles
Eric Rosengren
Patrick Harker, Robert S. Kaplan, Neel Kashkari,
Loretta J. Mester, and Michael Strine, Alternate
Members of the Federal Open Market Committee
Thomas I. Barkin, Raphael W. Bostic, and Mary C.
Daly, Presidents of the Federal Reserve Banks of
Richmond, Atlanta, and San Francisco, respectively
James A. Clouse, Secretary
Matthew M. Luecke, Deputy Secretary
David W. Skidmore, Assistant Secretary
Michelle A. Smith, Assistant Secretary
Mark E. Van Der Weide, General Counsel
Michael Held, Deputy General Counsel
Steven B. Kamin, Economist
Thomas Laubach, Economist
Stacey Tevlin, Economist
Thomas A. Connors, Rochelle M. Edge, Beverly Hirtle,
Daniel G. Sullivan, Christopher J. Waller, William
Wascher, Jonathan L. Willis, and Beth Anne
Wilson, Associate Economists
Simon Potter, Manager, System Open Market Account
The Federal Open Market Committee is referenced as the
“FOMC” and the “Committee” in these minutes.
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Lorie K. Logan, Deputy Manager, System Open
Market Account
Ann E. Misback, Secretary, Office of the Secretary,
Board of Governors
Matthew J. Eichner, 2 Director, Division of Reserve
Bank Operations and Payment Systems, Board of
Governors; Andreas Lehnert, Director, Division of
Financial Stability, Board of Governors
Jennifer J. Burns, Deputy Director, Division of
Supervision and Regulation, Board of Governors;
Michael T. Kiley, Deputy Director, Division of
Financial Stability, Board of Governors; Trevor A.
Reeve, Deputy Director, Division of Monetary
Affairs, Board of Governors
Jon Faust, Senior Special Adviser to the Chairman,
Office of Board Members, Board of Governors
Antulio N. Bomfim, Special Adviser to the Chairman,
Office of Board Members, Board of Governors
Brian M. Doyle, Joseph W. Gruber, Ellen E. Meade,
and John M. Roberts, Special Advisers to the
Board, Office of Board Members, Board of
Governors
Linda Robertson, Assistant to the Board, Office of
Board Members, Board of Governors
Christopher J. Erceg, Senior Associate Director,
Division of International Finance, Board of
Governors; David E. Lebow and Michael G.
Palumbo, Senior Associate Directors, Division of
Research and Statistics, Board of Governors
Edward Nelson and Robert J. Tetlow, Senior Advisers,
Division of Monetary Affairs, Board of Governors;
Jeremy B. Rudd, Senior Adviser, Division of
Research and Statistics, Board of Governors
Attended through the discussion of the long-run monetary
policy implementation frameworks.
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Federal Open Market Committee
Marnie Gillis DeBoer,2 Associate Director, Division of
Monetary Affairs, Board of Governors
Meredith Black, First Vice President, Federal Reserve
Bank of Dallas
Jeffrey D. Walker, Deputy Associate Director, Division
of Reserve Bank Operations and Payment Systems,
Board of Governors
David Altig and Sylvain Leduc, Executive Vice
Presidents, Federal Reserve Banks of Atlanta and
San Francisco, respectively
Eric C. Engstrom, Deputy Associate Director, Division
of Monetary Affairs, and Adviser, Division of
Research and Statistics, Board of Governors
Bruce Fallick, Marc Giannoni, Susan McLaughlin,2
Anna Nordstrom,2 Angela O’Connor,2 Keith Sill,
and Mark L.J. Wright, Senior Vice Presidents,
Federal Reserve Banks of Cleveland, Dallas, New
York, New York, New York, Philadelphia, and
Minneapolis, respectively
Glenn Follette and Norman J. Morin, Assistant
Directors, Division of Research and Statistics,
Board of Governors; Christopher J. Gust, Laura
Lipscomb,2 and Zeynep Senyuz,2 Assistant
Directors, Division of Monetary Affairs, Board of
Governors
Dana L. Burnett, Michele Cavallo,2 and Dan Li, Section
Chiefs, Division of Monetary Affairs, Board of
Governors
Sean Savage, Senior Project Manager, Division of
Monetary Affairs, Board of Governors
David H. Small, Project Manager, Division of
Monetary Affairs, Board of Governors
Kurt F. Lewis, Principal Economist, Division of
Monetary Affairs, Board of Governors;
Christopher L. Smith, Principal Economist,
Division of Research and Statistics, Board of
Governors
Ayelen Banegas, Senior Economist, Division of
Monetary Affairs, Board of Governors
Luke Pettit,2 Senior Financial Institution and Policy
Analyst, Division of Monetary Affairs, Board of
Governors
Roc Armenter,2 Kathryn B. Chen,2 Joe Peek, Alexander
L. Wolman, and Patricia Zobel,2 Vice Presidents,
Federal Reserve Banks of Philadelphia, New York,
Boston, Richmond, and New York, respectively
Samuel Schulhofer-Wohl, Senior Economist and
Research Advisor, Federal Reserve Bank of
Chicago
Annual Organizational Matters 4
In the agenda for this meeting, it was reported that advices of the election of the following members and alternate members of the Federal Open Market Committee
for a term beginning January 29, 2019, had been received
and that these individuals had executed their oaths of office.
The elected members and alternate members were as follows:
John C. Williams, President of the Federal Reserve Bank
of New York, with Michael Strine, First Vice President
of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, as alternate
Eric Rosengren, President of the Federal Reserve Bank
of Boston, with Patrick Harker, President of the Federal
Reserve Bank of Philadelphia, as alternate
Pon Sagnanert, Financial Analyst, Division of Monetary
Affairs, Board of Governors
Charles L. Evans, President of the Federal Reserve Bank
of Chicago, with Loretta J. Mester, President of the Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, as alternate
Yvette McKnight, 3 Staff Assistant, Office of the
Secretary, Board of Governors
James Bullard, President of the Federal Reserve Bank of
St. Louis, with Robert S. Kaplan, President of the Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas, as alternate
3
Attended Tuesday session only.
Committee organizational documents are available at
https://www.federalreserve.gov/monetarypolicy/rules_authorizations.htm.
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Esther L. George, President of the Federal Reserve Bank
of Kansas City, with Neel Kashkari, President of the
Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis, as alternate
Guidelines for the Conduct of System Open Market Operations in Federal-Agency Issues remained suspended.
By unanimous vote, the following officers of the Committee were selected to serve until the selection of their
successors at the first regularly scheduled meeting of the
Committee in 2020:
AUTHORIZATION FOR DOMESTIC OPEN
MARKET OPERATIONS
(As amended effective January 29, 2019)
Jerome H. Powell
John C. Williams
James A. Clouse
Matthew M. Luecke
David W. Skidmore
Michelle A. Smith
Mark E. Van Der Weide
Michael Held
Richard M. Ashton
Steven B. Kamin
Thomas Laubach
Stacey Tevlin
Chairman
Vice Chairman
Secretary
Deputy Secretary
Assistant Secretary
Assistant Secretary
General Counsel
Deputy General Counsel
Assistant General Counsel
Economist
Economist
Economist
Thomas A. Connors
Rochelle M. Edge
Eric M. Engen
Beverly Hirtle
Daniel G. Sullivan
Geoffrey Tootell
Christopher J. Waller
William Wascher
Jonathan L. Willis
Beth Anne Wilson
Associate Economists
By unanimous vote, the Federal Reserve Bank of New
York was selected to execute transactions for the System
Open Market Account (SOMA).
By unanimous vote, the Committee selected Simon Potter and Lorie K. Logan to serve at the pleasure of the
Committee as manager and deputy manager of the
SOMA, respectively, on the understanding that these selections were subject to their being satisfactory to the
Federal Reserve Bank of New York.
Secretary’s note: Advice subsequently was received that the manager and deputy manager selections indicated above were satisfactory to the
Federal Reserve Bank of New York.
By unanimous vote, the Committee approved the Authorization for Domestic Open Market Operations with
a revision that makes clear that small value tests for rollovers and maturities are included in the $5 billion limit
of the operational readiness testing program. The
OPEN MARKET TRANSACTIONS
1. The Federal Open Market Committee (the “Committee”) authorizes and directs the Federal Reserve Bank
selected by the Committee to execute open market transactions (the “Selected Bank”), to the extent necessary to
carry out the most recent domestic policy directive
adopted by the Committee:
A. To buy or sell in the open market securities that
are direct obligations of, or fully guaranteed as to principal and interest by, the United States, and securities
that are direct obligations of, or fully guaranteed as to
principal and interest by, any agency of the United
States, that are eligible for purchase or sale under Section 14(b) of the Federal Reserve Act (“Eligible Securities”) for the System Open Market Account
(“SOMA”):
i.
As an outright operation with securities dealers
and foreign and international accounts maintained
at the Selected Bank: on a same-day or deferred delivery basis (including such transactions as are commonly referred to as dollar rolls and coupon swaps)
at market prices; or
ii. As a temporary operation: on a same-day or
deferred delivery basis, to purchase such Eligible Securities subject to an agreement to resell (“repo
transactions”) or to sell such Eligible Securities subject to an agreement to repurchase (“reverse repo
transactions”) for a term of 65 business days or less,
at rates that, unless otherwise authorized by the
Committee, are determined by competitive bidding,
after applying reasonable limitations on the volume
of agreements with individual counterparties;
B. To allow Eligible Securities in the SOMA to mature without replacement;
C. To exchange, at market prices, in connection
with a Treasury auction, maturing Eligible Securities in
the SOMA with the Treasury, in the case of Eligible
Securities that are direct obligations of the United
States or that are fully guaranteed as to principal and
interest by the United States; and
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D. To exchange, at market prices, maturing Eligible
Securities in the SOMA with an agency of the United
States, in the case of Eligible Securities that are direct
obligations of that agency or that are fully guaranteed
as to principal and interest by that agency.
SECURITIES LENDING
2. In order to ensure the effective conduct of open
market operations, the Committee authorizes the Selected Bank to operate a program to lend Eligible Securities held in the SOMA to dealers on an overnight basis
(except that the Selected Bank may lend Eligible Securities for longer than an overnight term to accommodate
weekend, holiday, and similar trading conventions).
A. Such securities lending must be:
i.
At rates determined by competitive bidding;
ii. At a minimum lending fee consistent with the
objectives of the program;
iii. Subject to reasonable limitations on the total
amount of a specific issue of Eligible Securities that
may be auctioned; and
iv. Subject to reasonable limitations on the
amount of Eligible Securities that each borrower
may borrow.
B. The Selected Bank may:
i.
Reject bids that, as determined in its sole discretion, could facilitate a bidder’s ability to control a
single issue;
ii. Accept Treasury securities or cash as collateral
for any loan of securities authorized in this paragraph 2; and
iii. Accept agency securities as collateral only for a
loan of agency securities authorized in this paragraph 2.
OPERATIONAL READINESS TESTING
3. The Committee authorizes the Selected Bank to
undertake transactions of the type described in paragraphs 1 and 2 from time to time for the purpose of testing operational readiness, subject to the following limitations:
A. All transactions authorized in this paragraph 3
shall be conducted with prior notice to the Committee;
B. The aggregate par value of the transactions authorized in this paragraph 3 that are of the type described in paragraph 1.A.i, 1.B, 1.C and 1.D shall not
exceed $5 billion per calendar year; and
C. The outstanding amount of the transactions described in paragraphs 1.A.ii and 2 shall not exceed
$5 billion at any given time.
TRANSACTIONS WITH CUSTOMER ACCOUNTS
4. In order to ensure the effective conduct of open
market operations, while assisting in the provision of
short-term investments or other authorized services for
foreign central bank and international accounts maintained at a Federal Reserve Bank (the “Foreign Accounts”) and accounts maintained at a Federal Reserve
Bank as fiscal agent of the United States pursuant to section 15 of the Federal Reserve Act (together with the
Foreign Accounts, the “Customer Accounts”), the Committee authorizes the following when undertaken on
terms comparable to those available in the open market:
A. The Selected Bank, for the SOMA, to undertake
reverse repo transactions in Eligible Securities held in
the SOMA with the Customer Accounts for a term of
65 business days or less; and
B. Any Federal Reserve Bank that maintains Customer Accounts, for any such Customer Account,
when appropriate and subject to all other necessary
authorization and approvals, to:
i.
Undertake repo transactions in Eligible Securities with dealers with a corresponding reverse repo
transaction in such Eligible Securities with the Customer Accounts; and
ii. Undertake intra-day repo transactions in Eligible Securities with Foreign Accounts.
Transactions undertaken with Customer Accounts under the provisions of this paragraph 4 may provide for a
service fee when appropriate. Transactions undertaken
with Customer Accounts are also subject to the authorization or approval of other entities, including the Board
of Governors of the Federal Reserve System and, when
involving accounts maintained at a Federal Reserve
Bank as fiscal agent of the United States, the United
States Department of the Treasury.
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ADDITIONAL MATTERS
5. The Committee authorizes the Chairman of the
Committee, in fostering the Committee’s objectives during any period between meetings of the Committee, to
instruct the Selected Bank to act on behalf of the Committee to:
A. Adjust somewhat in exceptional circumstances
the stance of monetary policy and to take actions that
may result in material changes in the composition and
size of the assets in the SOMA; or
B. Undertake transactions with respect to Eligible
Securities in order to appropriately address temporary
disruptions of an operational or highly unusual nature
in U.S. dollar funding markets.
Any such adjustment described in subparagraph A of
this paragraph 5 shall be made in the context of the
Committee’s discussion and decision about the stance of
policy at its most recent meeting and the Committee’s
long-run objectives to foster maximum employment and
price stability, and shall be based on economic, financial,
and monetary developments since the most recent meeting of the Committee. The Chairman, whenever feasible, will consult with the Committee before making any
instruction under this paragraph 5.
The Committee voted unanimously to reaffirm without
revision the Authorization for Foreign Currency Operations and the Foreign Currency Directive as shown below.
AUTHORIZATION FOR FOREIGN CURRENCY
OPERATIONS
(As reaffirmed effective January 29, 2019)
IN GENERAL
1. The Federal Open Market Committee (the “Committee”) authorizes the Federal Reserve Bank selected by
the Committee (the “Selected Bank”) to execute open
market transactions for the System Open Market Account as provided in this Authorization, to the extent
necessary to carry out any foreign currency directive of
the Committee:
A. To purchase and sell foreign currencies (also
known as cable transfers) at home and abroad in the
open market, including with the United States Treasury, with foreign monetary authorities, with the Bank
for International Settlements, and with other entities
in the open market. This authorization to purchase
and sell foreign currencies encompasses purchases and
sales through standalone spot or forward transactions
and through foreign exchange swap transactions. For
purposes of this Authorization, foreign exchange
swap transactions are: swap transactions with the
United States Treasury (also known as warehousing
transactions), swap transactions with other central
banks under reciprocal currency arrangements, swap
transactions with other central banks under standing
dollar liquidity and foreign currency liquidity swap arrangements, and swap transactions with other entities
in the open market.
B. To hold balances of, and to have outstanding forward contracts to receive or to deliver, foreign currencies.
2. All transactions in foreign currencies undertaken
pursuant to paragraph 1 above shall, unless otherwise
authorized by the Committee, be conducted:
A. In a manner consistent with the obligations regarding exchange arrangements under Article IV of
the Articles of Agreement of the International Monetary Fund (IMF).1
B. In close and continuous cooperation and consultation, as appropriate, with the United States Treasury.
C. In consultation, as appropriate, with foreign
monetary authorities, foreign central banks, and international monetary institutions.
D. At prevailing market rates.
STANDALONE SPOT AND FORWARD
TRANSACTIONS
3. For any operation that involves standalone spot or
forward transactions in foreign currencies:
A. Approval of such operation is required as follows:
i.
The Committee must direct the Selected Bank
in advance to execute the operation if it would result
in the overall volume of standalone spot and forward transactions in foreign currencies, as defined
in paragraph 3.C of this Authorization, exceeding
$5 billion since the close of the most recent regular
meeting of the Committee. The Foreign Currency
Subcommittee (the “Subcommittee”) must direct
the Selected Bank in advance to execute the operation if the Subcommittee believes that consultation
with the Committee is not feasible in the time available.
ii. The Committee authorizes the Subcommittee
to direct the Selected Bank in advance to execute the
operation if it would result in the overall volume of
standalone spot and forward transactions in foreign
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currencies, as defined in paragraph 3.C of this Authorization, totaling $5 billion or less since the close
of the most recent regular meeting of the Committee.
B. Such an operation also shall be:
i.
Generally directed at countering disorderly
market conditions; or
ii. Undertaken to adjust System balances in light
of probable future needs for currencies; or
iii. Conducted for such other purposes as may be
determined by the Committee.
C. For purposes of this Authorization, the overall
volume of standalone spot and forward transactions
in foreign currencies is defined as the sum (disregarding signs) of the dollar values of individual foreign currencies purchased and sold, valued at the time of the
transaction.
WAREHOUSING
4. The Committee authorizes the Selected Bank, with
the prior approval of the Subcommittee and at the request of the United States Treasury, to conduct swap
transactions with the United States Exchange Stabilization Fund established by section 10 of the Gold Reserve
Act of 1934 under agreements in which the Selected
Bank purchases foreign currencies from the Exchange
Stabilization Fund and the Exchange Stabilization Fund
repurchases the foreign currencies from the Selected
Bank at a later date (such purchases and sales also known
as warehousing).
RECIPROCAL CURRENCY ARRANGEMENTS,
AND STANDING DOLLAR AND FOREIGN
CURRENCY LIQUIDITY SWAPS
5. The Committee authorizes the Selected Bank to
maintain reciprocal currency arrangements established
under the North American Framework Agreement,
standing dollar liquidity swap arrangements, and standing foreign currency liquidity swap arrangements as provided in this Authorization and to the extent necessary
to carry out any foreign currency directive of the Committee.
A. For reciprocal currency arrangements all drawings must be approved in advance by the Committee
(or by the Subcommittee, if the Subcommittee believes that consultation with the Committee is not feasible in the time available).
B. For standing dollar liquidity swap arrangements
all drawings must be approved in advance by the
Chairman. The Chairman may approve a schedule of
potential drawings, and may delegate to the manager,
System Open Market Account, the authority to approve individual drawings that occur according to the
schedule approved by the Chairman.
C. For standing foreign currency liquidity swap arrangements all drawings must be approved in advance
by the Committee (or by the Subcommittee, if the
Subcommittee believes that consultation with the
Committee is not feasible in the time available).
D. Operations involving standing dollar liquidity
swap arrangements and standing foreign currency liquidity swap arrangements shall generally be directed
at countering strains in financial markets in the United
States or abroad, or reducing the risk that they could
emerge, so as to mitigate their effects on economic
and financial conditions in the United States.
E. For reciprocal currency arrangements, standing
dollar liquidity swap arrangements, and standing foreign currency liquidity swap arrangements:
i.
All arrangements are subject to annual review
and approval by the Committee;
ii.
Any new arrangements must be approved by
the Committee; and
iii. Any changes in the terms of existing arrangements must be approved in advance by the Chairman. The Chairman shall keep the Committee informed of any changes in terms, and the terms shall
be consistent with principles discussed with and
guidance provided by the Committee.
OTHER OPERATIONS IN FOREIGN
CURRENCIES
6. Any other operations in foreign currencies for
which governance is not otherwise specified in this Authorization (such as foreign exchange swap transactions
with private-sector counterparties) must be authorized
and directed in advance by the Committee.
FOREIGN CURRENCY HOLDINGS
7. The Committee authorizes the Selected Bank to
hold foreign currencies for the System Open Market Account in accounts maintained at foreign central banks,
the Bank for International Settlements, and such other
foreign institutions as approved by the Board of Governors under Section 214.5 of Regulation N, to the extent
necessary to carry out any foreign currency directive of
the Committee.
A. The Selected Bank shall manage all holdings of
foreign currencies for the System Open Market Account:
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i.
Primarily, to ensure sufficient liquidity to enable the Selected Bank to conduct foreign currency
operations as directed by the Committee;
ii. Secondarily, to maintain a high degree of
safety;
iii. Subject to paragraphs 7.A.i and 7.A.ii, to provide the highest rate of return possible in each currency; and
iv. To achieve such other objectives as may be authorized by the Committee.
B. The Selected Bank may manage such foreign currency holdings by:
i.
Purchasing and selling obligations of, or fully
guaranteed as to principal and interest by, a foreign
government or agency thereof (“Permitted Foreign
Securities”) through outright purchases and sales;
ii. Purchasing Permitted Foreign Securities under
agreements for repurchase of such Permitted Foreign Securities and selling such securities under
agreements for the resale of such securities; and
iii. Managing balances in various time and other
deposit accounts at foreign institutions approved by
the Board of Governors under Regulation N.
C. The Subcommittee, in consultation with the
Committee, may provide additional instructions to the
Selected Bank regarding holdings of foreign currencies.
ADDITIONAL MATTERS
8.
The Committee authorizes the Chairman:
A. With the prior approval of the Committee, to enter into any needed agreement or understanding with
the Secretary of the United States Treasury about the
division of responsibility for foreign currency operations between the System and the United States Treasury;
B. To advise the Secretary of the United States
Treasury concerning System foreign currency operations, and to consult with the Secretary on policy matters relating to foreign currency operations;
C. To designate Federal Reserve System persons authorized to communicate with the United States
Treasury concerning System Open Market Account
foreign currency operations; and
D. From time to time, to transmit appropriate reports and information to the National Advisory Council on International Monetary and Financial Policies.
9. The Committee authorizes the Selected Bank to
undertake transactions of the type described in this Authorization, and foreign exchange and investment
transactions that it may be otherwise authorized to
undertake, from time to time for the purpose of testing
operational readiness. The aggregate amount of such
transactions shall not exceed $2.5 billion per calendar
year. These transactions shall be conducted with prior
notice to the Committee.
10. All Federal Reserve banks shall participate in the
foreign currency operations for System Open Market
Account in accordance with paragraph 3G(1) of the
Board of Governors’ Statement of Procedure with Respect to Foreign Relationships of Federal Reserve Banks
dated January 1, 1944.
11. Any authority of the Subcommittee pursuant to
this Authorization may be exercised by the Chairman if
the Chairman believes that consultation with the Subcommittee is not feasible in the time available. The
Chairman shall promptly report to the Subcommittee
any action approved by the Chairman pursuant to this
paragraph.
12. The Committee authorizes the Chairman, in exceptional circumstances where it would not be feasible to
convene the Committee, to foster the Committee’s objectives by instructing the Selected Bank to engage in
foreign currency operations not otherwise authorized
pursuant to this Authorization. Any such action shall be
made in the context of the Committee’s discussion and
decisions regarding foreign currency operations. The
Chairman, whenever feasible, will consult with the Committee before making any instruction under this paragraph.
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In general, as specified in Article IV, each member of the
IMF undertakes to collaborate with the IMF and other members to assure orderly exchange arrangements and to promote
a stable system of exchange rates. These obligations include
seeking to direct the member’s economic and financial policies
toward the objective of fostering orderly economic growth
with reasonable price stability. These obligations also include
avoiding manipulating exchange rates or the international
monetary system in such a way that would impede effective
balance of payments adjustment or to give an unfair competitive advantage over other members.
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FOREIGN CURRENCY DIRECTIVE
(As reaffirmed effective January 29, 2019)
1. The Committee directs the Federal Reserve Bank
selected by the Committee (the “Selected Bank”) to execute open market transactions, for the System Open
Market Account, in accordance with the provisions of
the Authorization for Foreign Currency Operations (the
“Authorization”) and subject to the limits in this Directive.
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2. The Committee directs the Selected Bank to execute warehousing transactions, if so requested by the
United States Treasury and if approved by the Foreign
Currency Subcommittee (the “Subcommittee”), subject
to the limitation that the outstanding balance of United
States dollars provided to the United States Treasury as
a result of these transactions not at any time exceed
$5 billion.
3. The Committee directs the Selected Bank to maintain, for the System Open Market Account:
A. Reciprocal currency arrangements with the following foreign central banks:
Foreign central bank Maximum amount
(millions of dollars
or equivalent)
Bank of Canada
Bank of Mexico
2,000
3,000
B. Standing dollar liquidity swap arrangements with
the following foreign central banks:
Bank of Canada
Bank of England
Bank of Japan
European Central Bank
Swiss National Bank
C. Standing foreign currency liquidity swap arrangements with the following foreign central banks:
Bank of Canada
Bank of England
Bank of Japan
European Central Bank
Swiss National Bank
4. The Committee directs the Selected Bank to hold
and to invest foreign currencies in the portfolio in accordance with the provisions of paragraph 7 of the Authorization.
5. The Committee directs the Selected Bank to report
to the Committee, at each regular meeting of the Committee, on transactions undertaken pursuant to paragraphs 1 and 6 of the Authorization. The Selected Bank
is also directed to provide quarterly reports to the Committee regarding the management of the foreign currency holdings pursuant to paragraph 7 of the Authorization.
6. The Committee directs the Selected Bank to conduct testing of transactions for the purpose of operational readiness in accordance with the provisions of
paragraph 9 of the Authorization.
By unanimous vote, the Committee reaffirmed its Program for Security of FOMC Information.
In the Committee’s annual reconsideration of the Statement on Longer-Run Goals and Monetary Policy Strategy, participants agreed that only a minor revision was
required at this meeting, which was to update the reference to the median of FOMC participants’ estimates of
the longer-run normal rate of unemployment from
4.6 percent to 4.4 percent. All participants supported
the statement with the revision, and the Committee
voted unanimously to approve the updated statement.
STATEMENT ON LONGER-RUN GOALS AND
MONETARY POLICY STRATEGY
(As amended effective January 29, 2019)
The Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) is
firmly committed to fulfilling its statutory mandate from
the Congress of promoting maximum employment, stable prices, and moderate long-term interest rates. The
Committee seeks to explain its monetary policy decisions to the public as clearly as possible. Such clarity
facilitates well-informed decisionmaking by households
and businesses, reduces economic and financial uncertainty, increases the effectiveness of monetary policy,
and enhances transparency and accountability, which are
essential in a democratic society.
Inflation, employment, and long-term interest rates
fluctuate over time in response to economic and financial disturbances. Moreover, monetary policy actions
tend to influence economic activity and prices with a lag.
Therefore, the Committee’s policy decisions reflect its
longer-run goals, its medium-term outlook, and its assessments of the balance of risks, including risks to the
financial system that could impede the attainment of the
Committee’s goals.
The inflation rate over the longer run is primarily determined by monetary policy, and hence the Committee
has the ability to specify a longer-run goal for inflation.
The Committee reaffirms its judgment that inflation at
the rate of 2 percent, as measured by the annual change
in the price index for personal consumption expenditures, is most consistent over the longer run with the
Federal Reserve’s statutory mandate. The Committee
would be concerned if inflation were running persistently above or below this objective. Communicating
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this symmetric inflation goal clearly to the public helps
keep longer-term inflation expectations firmly anchored,
thereby fostering price stability and moderate long-term
interest rates and enhancing the Committee’s ability to
promote maximum employment in the face of significant economic disturbances. The maximum level of employment is largely determined by nonmonetary factors
that affect the structure and dynamics of the labor market. These factors may change over time and may not
be directly measurable. Consequently, it would not be
appropriate to specify a fixed goal for employment; rather, the Committee’s policy decisions must be informed
by assessments of the maximum level of employment,
recognizing that such assessments are necessarily uncertain and subject to revision. The Committee considers a
wide range of indicators in making these assessments.
Information about Committee participants’ estimates of
the longer-run normal rates of output growth and unemployment is published four times per year in the
FOMC’s Summary of Economic Projections. For example, in the most recent projections, the median of
FOMC participants’ estimates of the longer-run normal
rate of unemployment was 4.4 percent.
In setting monetary policy, the Committee seeks to
mitigate deviations of inflation from its longer-run goal
and deviations of employment from the Committee’s assessments of its maximum level. These objectives are
generally complementary. However, under circumstances in which the Committee judges that the objectives are not complementary, it follows a balanced approach in promoting them, taking into account the magnitude of the deviations and the potentially different
time horizons over which employment and inflation are
projected to return to levels judged consistent with its
mandate.
The Committee intends to reaffirm these principles and
to make adjustments as appropriate at its annual organizational meeting each January.
Developments in Financial Markets and Open Market Operations
The deputy manager of the System Open Market Account (SOMA) provided an overview of developments
in U.S. and global financial markets. Financial markets
were quite volatile over the intermeeting period. Market
participants pointed to a number of factors as contributing to the heightened volatility and sustained declines
in risk asset prices and interest rates over recent months
including a weaker outlook and greater uncertainties for
foreign economies (particularly for Europe and China),
perceptions of greater policy risks, and the partial shutdown of the federal government. Against this backdrop,
market participants appeared to interpret FOMC communications at the time of the December meeting as not
fully appreciating the tightening of financial conditions
and the associated downside risks to the U.S. economic
outlook that had emerged since the fall. In addition,
some market reports suggested that investors perceived
the FOMC to be insufficiently flexible in its approach to
adjusting the path for the federal funds rate or the process for balance sheet normalization in light of those
risks. The deterioration in risk sentiment late in December was reportedly amplified by poor liquidity and thin
trading conditions around year-end.
Early in the new year, market sentiment improved following communications by Federal Reserve officials emphasizing that the Committee could be “patient” in considering further adjustments to the stance of policy and
that it would be flexible in managing the reduction of
securities holdings in the SOMA. On balance, stock
prices finished the period up almost 5 percent while corporate risk spreads narrowed, reversing a portion of the
changes in these variables since the September FOMC
meeting.
The deputy manager reported results from the Open
Market Desk’s latest surveys of primary dealers and market participants. Regarding the outlook for policy, the
median path for the federal funds rate among respondents had shifted down about 25 basis points relative to
the responses from the surveys conducted ahead of the
December meeting. Moreover, the average probability
that respondents attached to an increase in the target
range as the next policy action declined and the corresponding probabilities they attached to the possibility
that the target range would be unchanged or lowered at
some point this year increased. Concerning expectations
for the FOMC statement, many survey respondents anticipated the retention of language pointing to the likelihood of “some further gradual increases” in the target
range for the federal funds rate but many also expected
the statement to emphasize patience or data dependence
in the conduct of policy. Consistent with recent communications that the FOMC would be flexible in its approach to balance sheet normalization, the survey results
also suggested that the respondents anticipated that the
Committee would slow the balance sheet runoff in scenarios that involved a reduction in the target range for
the federal funds rate.
In reviewing money market developments, the deputy
manager noted that federal funds continued to trade at
rates close to the interest on excess reserves rate. More-
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Federal Open Market Committee
over, no signs of reserve scarcity were evident in the behavior of the federal funds rate; the correlation between
daily changes in reserve balances and the federal funds
rate remained close to zero. In other markets, repurchase agreement (repo) rates spiked at year-end, reportedly reflecting strong demands for financing from dealers associated with large Treasury auction net settlements on that day combined with a cutback in the supply
of financing available from banks and others managing
the size of their balance sheets over year-end for reporting purposes. The deputy manager noted that the Federal Reserve Bank of New York was planning to release
a notice in early February for public comment on plans
to include new data on selected deposits in the calculation of the overnight bank funding rate (OBFR). In addition, the staff had begun work aimed at publishing a
series of backward-looking average secured overnight financing rates (SOFR) as a further step to support reference rate reform. The staff planned to solicit public
feedback on this effort later this year and initiate publication of these averages by the first half of 2020.
Following the briefing, participants raised a number of
questions about market reports that the Federal Reserve’s balance sheet runoff and associated “quantitative
tightening” had been an important factor contributing to
the selloff in equity markets in the closing months of last
year. While respondents assessed that the reduction of
securities held in the SOMA would put some modest
upward pressure on Treasury yields and agency mortgage-backed securities (MBS) yields over time, they generally placed little weight on balance sheet reduction as a
prime factor spurring the deterioration in risk sentiment
over that period. However, some other investors reportedly held firmly to the belief that the runoff of the Federal Reserve’s securities holdings was a factor putting
significant downward pressure on risky asset prices, and
the investment decisions of these investors, particularly
in thin market conditions around the year-end, might
have had an outsized effect on market prices for a time.
Participants also discussed the hypothesis that investors
may have taken some signal about the future path of the
federal funds rate based on perceptions that the Federal
Reserve was unwilling to adjust the pace of balance sheet
runoff in light of economic and financial developments.
By unanimous vote, the Committee ratified the Desk’s
domestic transactions over the intermeeting period.
There were no intervention operations in foreign currencies for the System’s account during the intermeeting period.
Long-Run Monetary Policy Implementation
Frameworks
Committee participants resumed their discussion from
the December 2018 meeting of the appropriate long-run
framework for monetary policy implementation. At the
January meeting, the staff provided briefings on the effectiveness and efficiency of the Committee’s current
operating regime and on options for transitioning to the
longer-run size of the balance sheet.
The staff noted that the Committee had previously indicated that, in the longer run, it intends to operate with
no more securities holdings than necessary to implement
monetary policy efficiently and effectively. In considering the effectiveness of the operating regime, the staff
observed that over recent years, the Federal Reserve had
been able to implement monetary policy in an environment with ample reserves by adjusting administered
rates—including the rates on required and excess reserve
balances and the offered rate at the overnight reverse repurchase agreement facility—without needing to actively manage the supply of reserves. Over this period,
the effective federal funds rate was generally steady at
levels well within the Committee’s target range despite
substantial changes in the level of reserves in the banking
system and significant changes in money markets, regulations, and financial institutions’ business models. In
addition, other money market rates generally moved
closely with the federal funds rate. The current regime
was therefore effective both in providing control of the
policy rate and in ensuring transmission of the policy
stance to other rates and broader financial markets.
The staff briefing also included a discussion of factors
relevant in judging the level of reserves that would support the efficient implementation of monetary policy.
The staff suggested that maintaining a buffer of reserves
above the minimum quantity that corresponds to the flat
portion of the reserve demand curve could reduce the
size and frequency of open market operations needed to
maintain good control of the policy rate. The aggregate
level of reserves had already declined by $1.2 trillion
from a peak level of $2.8 trillion reached in October
2014; the decline stemmed from both reductions in asset
holdings and increases in nonreserve liabilities such as
Federal Reserve notes in circulation. Some recent survey
information and other evidence suggested that reserves
might begin to approach an efficient level later this year.
Against this backdrop, the staff presented options for
substantially slowing the decline in reserves by ending
the reduction in asset holdings at some point over the
latter half of this year and thereafter holding the size of
the SOMA portfolio roughly constant for a time so that
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Minutes of the Meeting of January 29–30, 2019
Page 11
the average level of reserves would fall at a very gradual
pace reflecting the trend growth in other Federal Reserve
liabilities.
The staff also described options for communicating
plans both for the operating regime and for the completion of the normalization of the size of the balance sheet.
If the Committee reached a decision to continue using
its current operating regime, announcing this decision
after the current meeting would help reduce uncertainty
about both the long-run implementation framework and
the likely evolution of the balance sheet. In addition, the
Committee could revise its previous communications to
make clear that it was flexible in its approach to normalizing the balance sheet and was prepared to change the
details of its balance sheet normalization plans in light of
economic and financial developments if necessary to
support the FOMC’s broader policy goals. The staff
noted that, after the end of asset redemptions, the Desk
could reinvest principal payments received from holdings of agency MBS in Treasury securities as directed.
Participants noted some of the key advantages of the
Federal Reserve’s current operating regime, including
good control of the policy rate in a variety of conditions
and good transmission to other money market rates and
broader financial markets. They observed that a regime
that controlled the policy rate through active management of the supply of reserves likely would have disadvantages. In particular, the level and variability of reserve demand and supply were likely to be much larger
than in the period before the crisis, and stabilizing the
policy rate in this environment would require large and
frequent open market operations. Participants judged
that, in light of their extensive previous discussions, it
was now appropriate to provide the public with more
certainty that the Federal Reserve would continue to use
its current operating regime. Choosing an operating regime would also allow the Committee to move forward
on related issues, including plans for concluding the normalization of the size of the balance sheet. Participants
emphasized the importance of describing their chosen
operating regime in clear terms to enhance public understanding.
Participants discussed market commentary that suggested that the process of balance sheet normalization
might be influencing financial markets. Participants
noted that the ongoing reduction in the Federal Reserve’s asset holdings had proceeded smoothly for more
than a year, with no significant effects on financial markets. The gradual reduction in securities holdings had
been announced well in advance and, as intended, was
proceeding largely in the background, with the federal
funds rate remaining the Committee’s primary tool for
adjusting the stance of policy. Nonetheless, some investors might have interpreted previous communications as
indicating that a very high threshold would have to be
met before the Committee would be willing to adjust its
balance sheet normalization plans. Participants observed that, although the target range for the federal
funds rate was the Committee’s primary means of adjusting the stance of policy, the balance sheet normalization process should proceed in a way that supports the
achievement of the Federal Reserve’s dual-mandate
goals of maximum employment and stable prices. Consistent with this principle, participants agreed that it was
important to be flexible in managing the process of balance sheet normalization, and that it would be appropriate to adjust the details of balance sheet normalization
plans in light of economic and financial developments if
necessary to achieve the Committee’s macroeconomic
objectives.
Almost all participants thought that it would be desirable
to announce before too long a plan to stop reducing the
Federal Reserve’s asset holdings later this year. Such an
announcement would provide more certainty about the
process for completing the normalization of the size of
the Federal Reserve’s balance sheet. A substantial majority expected that when asset redemptions ended, the
level of reserves would likely be somewhat larger than
necessary for efficient and effective implementation of
monetary policy; if so, many suggested that some further
very gradual decline in the average level of reserves, reflecting the trend growth of other liabilities such as Federal Reserve notes in circulation, could be appropriate.
In these participants’ view, this process would allow the
Federal Reserve to arrive slowly at an efficient level of
reserves while maintaining good control of short-term
interest rates without needing to engage in more frequent open market operations. A few participants
judged that there would be little benefit to allowing reserves to continue to fall after the end of redemptions or
that this approach could have costs, such as an undue
risk of volatility in short-term interest rates, that would
exceed its benefits. These participants thought that
upon ending asset redemptions, the Federal Reserve
should begin adding to its assets to offset growth in nonreserve liabilities, so as to keep the average level of reserves relatively stable. A couple of participants suggested that a ceiling facility to mitigate temporary unexpected pressures in reserve markets could play a useful
role in supporting policy implementation at lower levels
of reserves.
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Federal Open Market Committee
Participants commented that, in light of the Committee’s
longstanding plan to hold primarily Treasury securities
in the long run, it would be appropriate once asset redemptions end to reinvest most, if not all, principal payments received from agency MBS in Treasury securities.
Some thought that continuing to reinvest agency MBS
principal payments in excess of $20 billion per month in
agency MBS, as under the current balance sheet normalization plan, would simplify communications or provide
a helpful backstop against scenarios in which large declines in long-term interest rates caused agency MBS
prepayment speeds to increase sharply. However, some
others judged that retaining the cap on agency MBS redemptions was unnecessary at this stage in the normalization process. These participants noted considerations
in support of this view, including that principal payments
were unlikely to reach the $20 billion level after 2019,
that the cap could slightly slow the return to a portfolio
of primarily Treasury securities, or that the Committee
would have the flexibility to adjust the details of its balance sheet normalization plans in light of economic and
financial developments. Participants commented that it
would be important over time to develop and communicate plans for reinvesting agency MBS principal payments, and they expected to continue their discussion of
balance sheet normalization and related issues at upcoming meetings.
Following the discussion, the Chairman proposed that
the Committee communicate its intentions regarding
monetary policy implementation and its willingness to
adjust the details of its balance sheet normalization program by publishing a statement at the conclusion of the
meeting. All participants agreed with the proposed
statement.
STATEMENT REGARDING MONETARY
POLICY IMPLEMENTATION
AND BALANCE SHEET NORMALIZATION
(Adopted January 30, 2019)
After extensive deliberations and thorough review of experience to date, the Committee judges that it
is appropriate at this time to provide additional information regarding its plans to implement monetary policy
The Committee’s Policy Normalization Principles and
Plans were adopted on September 16, 2014, and are available
at https://www.federalreserve.gov/monetarypolicy/files/FOMC_PolicyNormalization.pdf. On March 18,
2015, the Committee adopted an addendum to the Policy
Normalization Principles and Plans, which is available at
5
over the longer run. Additionally, the Committee is revising its earlier guidance regarding the conditions under
which it could adjust the details of its balance sheet normalization program. 5 Accordingly, all participants
agreed to the following:
•
The Committee intends to continue to implement
monetary policy in a regime in which an ample supply of reserves ensures that control over the level of
the federal funds rate and other short-term interest
rates is exercised primarily through the setting of the
Federal Reserve's administered rates, and in which
active management of the supply of reserves is not
required.
•
The Committee continues to view changes in the
target range for the federal funds rate as its primary
means of adjusting the stance of monetary policy.
The Committee is prepared to adjust any of the details for completing balance sheet normalization in
light of economic and financial developments.
Moreover, the Committee would be prepared to use
its full range of tools, including altering the size and
composition of its balance sheet, if future economic
conditions were to warrant a more accommodative
monetary policy than can be achieved solely by reducing the federal funds rate.
Staff Review of the Economic Situation
The information available for the January 29–30 meeting
indicated that labor market conditions continued to
strengthen and that growth in real gross domestic product (GDP) was solid in the fourth quarter of last year,
although the availability of data was more limited than
usual because of the partial federal government shutdown that extended from December 22 to January 25.
Consumer price inflation, as measured by the
12-month percentage change in the price index for personal consumption expenditures (PCE), was a bit below
2 percent in November, held down in part by recent declines in consumer energy prices.
Survey-based
https://www.federalreserve.gov/monetarypolicy/files/FOMC_PolicyNormalization.20150318.pdf. On
June 13, 2017, the Committee adopted a second addendum
to the Policy Normalization Principles and Plans, which is
available at https://www.federalreserve.gov/monetarypolicy/files/FOMC_PolicyNormalization.20170613.pdf.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Minutes of the Meeting of January 29–30, 2019
Page 13
measures of longer-run inflation expectations were little
changed.
Total nonfarm payroll employment expanded strongly in
December. The national unemployment rate edged up
but was still at a low level of 3.9 percent, while the labor
force participation rate also increased somewhat; as a result, the employment-to-population ratio remained
steady in December. The unemployment rates for African Americans, Asians, and Hispanics in December were
below their levels at the end of the previous economic
expansion, although persistent differentials in unemployment rates across groups remained. The share of
workers employed part time for economic reasons continued to be close to the lows reached in late 2007. The
rates of private-sector job openings and quits edged
down in November but were still at high levels; initial
claims for unemployment insurance benefits through
the middle of January were near historically low levels.
Average hourly earnings for all employees rose 3.2 percent over the 12 months ending in December.
Industrial production increased solidly in December.
Output gains were strong in the manufacturing and mining sectors, while the output of utilities declined, with
warmer-than-usual temperatures lowering the demand
for heating. Automakers’ assembly schedules suggested
that the production of light motor vehicles would ease
somewhat in the first quarter, although new orders indexes from national and regional manufacturing surveys
pointed to moderate gains in overall factory output in
the coming months.
Household spending looked to have increased strongly
in the fourth quarter, as real PCE growth was strong in
October and November. The release of the retail sales
report for December was delayed, but available indicators—such as credit card and debit card transaction data
and light motor vehicle sales—suggested that household
spending growth remained strong in December. Key
factors that influence consumer spending—including
ongoing gains in real disposable personal income and
still-elevated measures of households’ net worth—continued to be supportive of solid real PCE growth in the
near term. Consumer sentiment, as measured by the
University of Michigan Surveys of Consumers, was less
upbeat in early January than it had been last year but remained at a generally favorable level.
Real residential investment appeared to have declined
again in the fourth quarter, likely reflecting in part decreases in the affordability of housing arising from both
the net increase in mortgage interest rates over the past
year and ongoing, though somewhat slower, house price
appreciation. Data on starts and permits for new residential construction in December were not available, but
building permit issuance for new single-family homes—
which tends to be a good indicator of the underlying
trend in construction of such homes—had moved down
modestly in the previous couple of months. Sales of existing homes decreased, on net, over November and December, while data on new home sales for those two
months were delayed.
Growth in real private expenditures for business equipment and intellectual property looked to have picked up
solidly in the fourth quarter. Nominal shipments of
nondefense capital goods excluding aircraft rose, on balance, in October and November, while information on
shipments for December was delayed; available indicators of transportation equipment spending in the fourth
quarter were strong. Forward-looking indicators of
business equipment spending—such as orders for nondefense capital goods excluding aircraft and readings on
business sentiment—pointed to somewhat slower
spending gains in the near term. Data on nominal business expenditures for nonresidential structures outside
of the drilling and mining sector in November were not
available. The number of crude oil and natural gas rigs
in operation—an indicator of business spending for
structures in the drilling and mining sector—was roughly
flat in December and through most of January.
Total real government purchases appeared to have increased moderately in the fourth quarter. Nominal defense spending in October and November pointed to
solid growth in real federal purchases, although spending
data for December were delayed. The partial federal
government shutdown restrained real federal purchases
somewhat in the fourth quarter and likely had a more
significant negative effect on federal purchases in the
first quarter. Real purchases by state and local governments looked to have risen modestly in the fourth quarter, as the payrolls of those governments expanded a bit
over that period. Nominal state and local construction
spending had risen solidly in October, but construction
data for November were delayed.
Data on U.S. international trade for November and December also were delayed. The available data for October suggested that the contribution of the change in net
exports to real GDP growth in the fourth quarter would
be much less negative than the drag of nearly 2 percentage points in the third quarter.
Total U.S. consumer prices, as measured by the PCE
price index, increased 1.8 percent over the 12 months
ending in November. Core PCE price inflation, which
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Federal Open Market Committee
excludes changes in consumer food and energy prices,
was 1.9 percent over that same period. The consumer
price index (CPI) rose 1.9 percent over the 12 months
ending in December, while core CPI inflation was
2.2 percent. Recent readings on survey-based measures
of longer-run inflation expectations—including those
from the Michigan survey and the Desk’s Survey of Primary Dealers and Survey of Market Participants—were
little changed.
Recent data suggested that foreign economic growth was
subdued in the fourth quarter relative to earlier in the
year. In the advanced foreign economies (AFEs), especially the euro area, indicators of economic activity weakened further, though they remained consistent with positive economic growth. In the emerging market economies (EMEs), growth in Mexico and Brazil appeared to
have slowed to a modest pace in the fourth quarter after
a temporary pickup in the third quarter. The Chinese
economy expanded at a slower pace than earlier in the
year amid notable weakness in household spending, and
Chinese imports from other emerging Asian economies
turned down. Foreign inflation fell in the fourth quarter,
largely reflecting lower oil prices. Inflation pressures, especially in some AFEs, generally remained muted.
Staff Review of the Financial Situation
Investor risk sentiment fluctuated materially over the intermeeting period. A variety of factors—including
FOMC communications, weaker-than-expected data,
trade policy uncertainties, the partial federal government
shutdown, and concerns about the outlook for corporate earnings—were cited by market participants as contributing to a deterioration in risk sentiment early in the
period. During this time, broad equity indexes declined
substantially amid a sharp rise in financial market volatility, and corporate bond spreads widened notably.
Subsequently, positive signals regarding trade policy, robust economic data releases, and communications from
FOMC participants led to an improvement in risk sentiment. On net, the S&P 500 index rose, option-implied
volatility—the VIX—fell, Treasury yields declined, and
corporate spreads narrowed over the intermeeting period. Despite the intermeeting moves in financial markets, financial conditions remained notably tighter than
in September 2018. Financing conditions for businesses
and households tightened a bit further over the intermeeting period but remained generally supportive of
spending.
December FOMC communications were reportedly perceived by market participants as not fully appreciating
the implications of tighter financial conditions and softening global data over recent months for the U.S. economic outlook. Subsequent communications from
FOMC participants were interpreted as suggesting that
the FOMC would be patient in assessing the implications of recent economic and financial developments.
The market-implied path for the federal funds rate in
2019 was little changed, on net, over the intermeeting
period and investors continued to expect no change to
the target range for the federal funds rate at the January
FOMC meeting.
The market-implied path for
2020 shifted down somewhat.
Nominal Treasury yields fluctuated substantially, with
heightened risk aversion contributing to a significant decline in yields early in the intermeeting period. Subsequently, yields rose, though 2-, 5-, and 10-year yields still
ended the period somewhat lower, on net. The spread
between the yields on nominal 10- and 2-year Treasury
securities was little changed over the period, and remained in the lower end of its historical range over recent decades. The near-term forward spread—the difference between the current implied three-month forward rate at a horizon six quarters ahead (derived from
the Treasury yield curve) and the current yield on a
three-month Treasury bill—narrowed, on net, and also
was in the lower end of its historical distribution. The
5-year and 5-to-10-year-forward inflation compensation
measures based on Treasury Inflation-Protected Securities (TIPS) edged down a bit over the period; both
measures were down significantly from levels prevailing
in the fall of last year.
In U.S. risky asset markets, the S&P 500 equity index was
down as much as 8 percent at one point during the period but ended the period notably higher. On net, the
VIX fell substantially while corporate bond spreads narrowed a bit.
The federal funds rate and other overnight funding rates
rose following the increase in the target range for the
federal funds rate at the December FOMC meeting.
Year-end pressures in repo markets were reportedly exacerbated by a high volume of settlements of Treasury
securities against a backdrop of large dealer inventories
and reduced intermediation by global systemically important banks. General collateral repo rates moved up
sharply at year-end but subsequently returned to normal
levels.
Foreign financial markets followed the same general pattern as those in the United States. On balance, foreign
equity prices moved up moderately and sovereign credit
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Minutes of the Meeting of January 29–30, 2019
Page 15
spreads in EMEs narrowed. Moreover, inflows to dedicated emerging market funds resumed after two quarters
of outflows. Longer-term sovereign yields in AFEs
edged lower on net.
The dollar depreciated broadly amid falling U.S. yields
and greater investor optimism about prospects for some
EMEs. The dollar depreciated notably against the British pound, on net, as market participants reportedly saw
an increased likelihood of a delay in the Brexit process.
The dollar also depreciated considerably against the Brazilian real and the Mexican peso following progress on
pension reform in Brazil and a fiscal announcement in
Mexico that was perceived as prudent.
Financing conditions for nonfinancial firms tightened
somewhat, on balance. Gross issuance of corporate
bonds slowed considerably in December across the
credit rating spectrum but rebounded in January. Even
so, the volume of high-yield bonds issued by nonfinancial firms remained well below its average over the past
few years. Spreads on nonfinancial corporate bonds
were volatile but narrowed a bit, on net, and stayed at
levels well above those that prevailed a year ago. The
credit quality of nonfinancial corporations continued to
show signs of deterioration, although actual corporate
bond defaults remained low overall. Institutional leveraged loan issuance slowed in December to its lowest
level since July 2016, as loan spreads widened substantially. Small business credit market conditions were little
changed, and credit conditions in municipal bond markets stayed accommodative on net.
Private-sector analysts significantly revised down their
projections for corporate earnings for the fourth quarter
and for 2019 as a whole. The pace of gross equity issuance through both initial and seasoned offerings was
sluggish in December, amid reports that several firms
may have pushed back initial equity offerings.
Respondents to the January 2019 Senior Loan Officer
Opinion Survey on Bank Lending Practices (SLOOS) reported that lending standards for commercial and industrial (C&I) loans remained basically unchanged in the
fourth quarter, after having reported easing standards
over the past several quarters. Growth of C&I loans on
banks’ balance sheets picked up in the fourth quarter,
reflecting stronger originations as well as reduced paydowns and loan sales.
In the commercial real estate (CRE) sector, financing
conditions remained accommodative. Although commercial mortgage backed securities (CMBS) spreads
were volatile, they were little changed, on net, over the
intermeeting period, and issuance of both agency and
non-agency CMBS remained strong. CRE loan growth
at banks continued to expand at a pace comparable with
that seen over the course of 2018. Banks in the January
SLOOS reported that demand was unchanged, on net,
in the fourth quarter for nonfarm nonresidential loans,
the largest CRE loan category, while demand was reportedly weaker for multifamily loans and construction
loans. On balance, banks reported tightening their
standards for all types of CRE loans in the fourth quarter.
Financing conditions in the residential mortgage market
also remained accommodative for most borrowers. Purchase mortgage origination activity continued to decline
modestly through November, while refinancing activity
continued to be muted.
In consumer credit markets, financing conditions tightened a bit but, on balance, remained generally supportive
of growth in household spending. Banks reported in the
SLOOS that they tightened credit card lending standards
during the fourth quarter. In the consumer asset-backed
securities market, spreads widened somewhat amid
broad market volatility.
The staff provided an update on its views with respect
to potential risks to financial stability. The increase in
financial market volatility seen over the fall of last year
was characterized as a return to historically more typical
levels, following the historically low-volatility environment that persisted through much of 2017 and 2018.
However, the increase in volatility in financial markets in
December was viewed as substantial and as likely exacerbated by thin year-end liquidity, among other factors.
Staff judged asset valuation pressures in equity and corporate debt markets to have abated somewhat in the period since the assessment presented in the November
2018 financial stability report. Staff continued to monitor developments in the leveraged loan market given the
sharp rise in spreads and slowdown in issuance late last
year. The build-up in overall nonfinancial business debt
to levels close to historical highs relative to GDP was
viewed as a factor that could amplify adverse shocks to
the business sector. Staff continued to judge risks associated with household-sector debt as moderate. Both
the risks associated with financial leverage and the vulnerabilities related to maturity transformation were
viewed as being low, as they have been for some time.
Staff Economic Outlook
The U.S. economic forecast prepared by the staff for the
January FOMC meeting was revised down a little, on
balance, primarily reflecting somewhat lower projected
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Federal Open Market Committee
paths for domestic equity prices and foreign economic
growth. The staff estimated that U.S. real GDP growth
was solid in the fourth quarter of last year, bolstered by
consumer spending and business investment, and that
the effects of the partial federal government shutdown
were quite small in that quarter. Real GDP growth was
expected to slow but remain solid in the first half of this
year, with the effects of the partial federal government
shutdown modestly restraining GDP growth in the first
quarter and those effects being reversed in the second
quarter. In the medium term, real GDP growth in
2019 was forecast to be at a rate above the staff’s estimate of potential output growth, step down to the
growth rate of potential output next year and then slow
further to a pace below potential output growth in 2021.
The unemployment rate was projected to decline somewhat further below the staff’s estimate of its longer-run
natural rate but to bottom out by the end of this year and
begin to edge up in 2021. With labor market conditions
judged to already be tight, the staff continued to assume
that projected employment gains would manifest in
smaller-than-usual downward pressure on the unemployment rate and in larger-than-usual upward pressure
on the labor force participation rate.
The staff’s forecast for inflation was little revised for the
January FOMC meeting. Core PCE price inflation was
still expected to step up to 2 percent over this year as a
whole and then to run at that level through the medium
term. Total PCE price inflation was forecast to be a little
below core inflation this year and next, reflecting projected declines in energy prices, and then to run at the
same level as core inflation in 2021.
The staff viewed the uncertainty around its projections
for real GDP growth, the unemployment rate, and inflation as similar to the average of the past 20 years. The
staff also saw the risks to the forecasts for real GDP
growth and the unemployment rate as roughly balanced.
On the upside, household spending and business investment could expand faster than the staff projected, supported in part by the tax cuts enacted last year. On the
downside, trade policies and foreign economic developments could move in directions that have significant
negative effects on U.S. economic growth. Risks to the
inflation projection also were seen as balanced. The upside risk that inflation could increase more than expected
in an economy that was projected to move further above
its potential was counterbalanced by the downside risk
that longer-term inflation expectations may be lower
than was assumed in the staff forecast, as well as the possibility that the dollar could appreciate if foreign economic conditions deteriorated.
Participants’ Views on Current Conditions and the
Economic Outlook
Participants agreed that over the intermeeting period the
labor market had continued to strengthen and that economic activity had been rising at a solid rate. Job gains
had been strong, on average, in recent months, and the
unemployment rate had remained low. Household
spending had continued to grow strongly, while growth
of business fixed investment had moderated from its
rapid pace earlier last year. On a 12-month basis, both
overall inflation and inflation for items other than food
and energy had remained near 2 percent. Although market-based measures of inflation compensation had
moved lower in recent months, survey-based measures
of longer-term inflation expectations were little changed.
Participants continued to view a sustained expansion of
economic activity, strong labor market conditions, and
inflation near the Committee’s symmetric 2 percent objective as the most likely outcomes over the next few
years. Participants generally continued to expect the
growth rate of real GDP in 2019 to step down somewhat
from the pace seen over 2018 to a rate closer to their
estimates of longer-run growth, with a few participants
commenting that waning fiscal stimulus was expected to
contribute to the step-down. Several participants commented that they had nudged down their outlooks for
output growth since the December meeting, citing a softening in consumer or business sentiment, a reduction in
the outlook for foreign economic growth, or the tightening in financial conditions that had occurred in recent
months.
In their discussion of the household sector, participants
noted that recent data on spending had been strong, supported by a strong job market and rising incomes. A
couple of participants commented that contacts in their
Districts remained optimistic about consumer spending.
However, some participants noted the recent softening
in surveys of consumer sentiment. Participants observed that the recent partial federal government shutdown had presented a significant hardship for many
families. A few participants also pointed to continued
weakness in the housing sector, which was attributed in
part to concerns about affordability among potential
homebuyers.
Participants noted that growth of business fixed investment had moderated from its rapid pace earlier last year.
Some participants highlighted that recent surveys of
business sentiment or District contacts had indicated
some weakening in optimism or confidence about the
economic outlook, though available indicators suggested
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Minutes of the Meeting of January 29–30, 2019
Page 17
that the level of business sentiment had remained high.
Concerns about the economic outlook were variously attributed to uncertainty or worries about slowing global
economic growth, including in Europe and China; trade
policy; waning fiscal policy stimulus; and the partial government shutdown. Manufacturing contacts in a number of Districts indicated that such factors were causing
them to delay or defer capital expenditures. In addition,
a few participants noted that recent declines in oil or gasoline prices had damped plans for capital expenditures
in the energy sector. A few participants observed that
conditions in the agricultural sector remained difficult,
citing large inventories of agricultural commodities, uncertainty about international trade policies, and concerns
regarding low prices of commodities and farmland.
However, a few participants commented that business
optimism had increased among contacts in their Districts, or that they were planning new capital expenditures.
Participants observed that both overall inflation and inflation for items other than food and energy remained
near 2 percent on a 12-month basis. Participants continued to view inflation near the Committee’s symmetric
2 percent objective as the most likely outcome. Some
participants noted that some factors, such as the decline
in oil prices, slower growth and softer inflation abroad,
or appreciation of the dollar last year, had held down
some recent inflation readings and may continue to do
so this year. In addition, many participants commented
that upward pressures on inflation appeared to be more
muted than they appeared to be last year despite
strengthening labor market conditions and rising input
costs for some industries.
In their discussion of indicators of inflation expectations, participants noted that market-based measures of
inflation compensation had moved lower in recent
months. Participants expressed a range of views in interpreting the decline in inflation compensation. On the
one hand, that decline could stem from a decrease in expected inflation on the part of market participants. In
that case, the current low levels of inflation compensation could suggest that inflation expectations are below
the Committee’s 2 percent inflation objective. On the
other hand, the decline in inflation compensation might
reflect in large part declines in risk premiums or increased concerns about downside risks to the outlook
for inflation. This interpretation was seen as consistent
with the behavior of the most recent survey-based
measures of expected inflation, which were little
changed.
In their discussion of labor markets, participants agreed
that conditions had continued to strengthen. Estimates
of job gains in the December employment report had
been strong, the unemployment rate had remained low,
and the labor force participation rate had moved up.
Several participants noted solid rates of hiring or other
indicators of tight labor market conditions in their Districts. Some participants commented on recent indicators at the national or District levels as suggesting a
pickup in wage growth. The pickup was attributed to
tightening in national or District labor market conditions
or to gains in the rate of productivity growth. Continued
solid productivity growth was seen as a key factor necessary to support rising real wages over time.
Participants commented on a number of risks associated
with their outlook for economic activity, the labor market, and inflation over the medium term. Participants
noted that some risks to the downside had increased, including the possibilities of a sharper-than-expected
slowdown in global economic growth, particularly in
China and Europe, a rapid waning of fiscal policy stimulus, or a further tightening of financial market conditions. An increase in some foreign and domestic government policy uncertainties, including those associated
with Brexit, an escalation in international trade policy
tensions, and the potential for additional extended federal government shutdowns were also cited as downside
risks. A few participants expressed concern that longerrun inflation expectations may be lower than levels consistent with the Committee’s 2 percent inflation objective. Several participants judged that risks that could
lead to higher-than-expected inflation had diminished
relative to downside risks. The potential that various
sources of uncertainty might abate more quickly than expected was mentioned as a potential upside risk for the
economic outlook.
In their discussion of financial developments, participants noted that although financial market conditions
had not changed much, on net, over the intermeeting
period, prices had been volatile and financial conditions
were materially tighter than they had been several
months ago, with lower equity prices and wider corporate risk spreads. Several participants also noted that the
slope of the Treasury yield curve was unusually flat by
historical standards, which in the past had often been associated with a deterioration in future macroeconomic
performance. Participants noted that financial asset
prices appeared to be sensitive to information regarding
trade policy tensions, domestic fiscal and monetary policy, and global economic growth prospects. A couple of
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Federal Open Market Committee
participants noted that the rise in credit spreads over recent months, if it were to persist, could restrain future
economic activity. Participants agreed that it was important to continue to monitor financial market developments and assess the implications of these developments for the economic outlook.
Among those participants who commented on financial
stability, a number expressed concerns about the elevated financial market volatility and the apparent decline
in investors’ willingness to bear risk that occurred toward the end of last year. Although these conditions had
eased somewhat in recent weeks, a couple of participants
noted that the strain in financial markets might have persisted or spread if it had occurred during a period of less
favorable macroeconomic conditions. A couple of participants highlighted the role that decreased liquidity at
the end of the year appeared to play in exacerbating
changes in financial market conditions. They emphasized the need to monitor financial market structures or
practices that may contribute to strained liquidity conditions. A few participants highlighted the importance of
ensuring that financial institutions were able to withstand adverse financial market events—for instance, by
maintaining adequate levels of capital.
In their consideration of monetary policy at this meeting,
participants judged that information received since December indicated that real economic activity had been
rising at a solid rate, labor market conditions had continued to strengthen, and inflation had been near the Committee’s objective. Participants generally expected economic activity to continue expanding at a solid pace in
the period ahead, with strong labor market conditions
and inflation near 2 percent. At the time of the December meeting, the Committee had noted that it would
continue to monitor global economic and financial developments and assess their implications for the economic outlook. Participants observed that since then,
the economic outlook had become more uncertain. Financial market volatility had remained elevated over the
intermeeting period, and, despite some easing since the
December FOMC meeting, overall financial conditions
had tightened since September. In addition, the global
economy had continued to record slower growth, and
consumer and business sentiment had deteriorated. The
government policy environment, including trade negotiations and the recent partial federal government shutdown, was also seen as a factor contributing to uncertainty about the economic outlook.
Based on their current assessments, all participants expressed the view that it would be appropriate for the
Committee to maintain the target range for the federal
funds rate at 2¼ to 2½ percent. With regard to the
Committee’s postmeeting statement, participants supported a proposed change in the forward guidance language that would replace the previous guidance referring
to “some further gradual increases in the target range for
the federal funds rate” with an indication that, in light of
“global economic and financial developments and
muted inflation pressures,” the Committee would “be
patient as it determines what future adjustments to the
target range for the federal funds rate may be appropriate.” Participants also supported a proposal to remove
from the statement the characterization of risks to the
economic outlook as “roughly balanced.”
Participants pointed to a variety of considerations that
supported a patient approach to monetary policy at this
juncture as an appropriate step in managing various risks
and uncertainties in the outlook. With regard to the domestic economic picture, additional data would help policymakers gauge the trajectory of business and consumer
sentiment, whether the recent softness in core and total
inflation and inflation compensation would persist, and
the effect of the tightening of financial conditions on aggregate demand. Information arriving in coming
months could also shed light on the effects of the recent
partial federal government shutdown on the U.S. economy and on the results of the budget negotiations occurring in the wake of the shutdown, including the possible
implications for the path of fiscal policy. A patient approach would have the added benefit of giving policymakers an opportunity to judge the response of economic activity and inflation to the recent steps taken to
normalize the stance of monetary policy. Furthermore,
a patient posture would allow time for a clearer picture
of the international trade policy situation and the state
of the global economy to emerge and, in particular,
could allow policymakers to reach a firmer judgment
about the extent and persistence of the economic slowdown in Europe and China.
Participants noted that maintaining the current target
range for the federal funds rate for a time posed few risks
at this point. The current level of the federal funds rate
was at the lower end of the range of estimates of the
neutral policy rate. Moreover, inflation pressures were
muted, and asset valuations were less stretched than they
had been a few months earlier. Many participants suggested that it was not yet clear what adjustments to the
target range for the federal funds rate may be appropriate later this year; several of these participants argued
that rate increases might prove necessary only if inflation
outcomes were higher than in their baseline outlook.
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Minutes of the Meeting of January 29–30, 2019
Page 19
Several other participants indicated that, if the economy
evolved as they expected, they would view it as appropriate to raise the target range for the federal funds rate
later this year.
Participants observed that a patient posture in these circumstances was consistent with their general approach
to setting the stance of policy, in which they were importantly guided by the implications of incoming data
for the economic outlook. Some participants noted that,
while global economic and financial developments had
been important factors leading to a patient monetary
policy posture, those developments mattered because
they affected assessments of the policy rate path most
consistent with achievement of the Committee’s dualmandate goals of maximum employment and price stability. Many participants observed that if uncertainty
abated, the Committee would need to reassess the characterization of monetary policy as “patient” and might
then use different statement language.
A few participants expressed concerns that in the current
environment of increased uncertainty, the policy rate
projections prepared as part of the Summary of Economic Projections (SEP) do not accurately convey the
Committee’s policy outlook. These participants were
concerned that, although the individual participants’
projections for the federal funds rate in the SEP reflect
their individual views of the appropriate path for the policy rate conditional on the evolution of the economic
outlook, at times the public had misinterpreted the median or central tendency of those projections as representing the consensus view of the Committee or as suggesting that policy was on a preset course. However,
some other participants noted that the policy rate projections in the SEP are a valuable component of the
overall information provided about the monetary policy
outlook.
Committee Policy Action
In their discussion of monetary policy for the period
ahead, members judged that information received since
the Committee met in December indicated that the labor
market had continued to strengthen and that economic
activity had been rising at a solid rate. Job gains had been
strong, on average, in recent months, and the unemployment rate had remained low. Household spending had
continued to grow strongly, while growth of business
fixed investment had moderated from its rapid pace earlier last year. On a 12-month basis, both overall inflation
and inflation for items other than food and energy remained near 2 percent.
Although market-based
measures of inflation compensation had moved lower in
recent months, survey-based measures of longer-term
inflation expectations were little changed.
In their consideration of the economic outlook, members noted that financial conditions had tightened, on
net, since September, and that global growth had moderated; members also observed that a number of uncertainties, including those pertaining to the evolution of
policies of the U.S. and foreign governments, still
awaited resolution. However, members continued to
view sustained expansion of economic activity, strong
labor market conditions, and inflation near the Committee’s symmetric 2 percent objective as the most likely
outcomes for the U.S. economy in the period ahead. In
light of global economic and financial developments and
muted inflation pressures, the Committee could be patient as it determined what future adjustments to the target range for the federal funds rate may be appropriate
to support these outcomes.
After assessing current conditions and the outlook for
economic activity, the labor market, and inflation, members decided to maintain the target range for the federal
funds rate at 2¼ to 2½ percent. Members agreed that
in determining the timing and size of future adjustments
to the target range for the federal funds rate, the Committee would assess realized and expected economic
conditions relative to the Committee’s maximum employment and symmetric 2 percent inflation objectives.
They reiterated that this assessment would take into account a wide range of information, including measures
of labor market conditions, indicators of inflation pressures and inflation expectations, and readings on financial and international developments. More generally,
members noted that decisions regarding near-term adjustments of the stance of monetary policy would appropriately remain dependent on the evolution of the outlook as informed by incoming data.
With regard to the postmeeting statement, members
agreed to change the characterization of recent growth
in economic activity from “strong” to “solid,” consistent
with incoming information that suggested that the pace
of expansion of the U.S. economy had moderated somewhat since late last year. The description of indicators
of inflation expectations was revised to recognize that
the downward moves in market-based measures of inflation compensation that occurred in recent months
had been sustained, while also noting that survey-based
measures of longer-term inflation expectations were little changed. Members also agreed to several adjustments in the description of the outlook for the economy
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
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Federal Open Market Committee
and monetary policy. The statement language was revised to indicate that the Committee continued to view
sustained expansion of economic activity, strong labor
market conditions, and inflation near 2 percent as “the
most likely outcomes.” Members also agreed to add a
sentence indicating that, in light of “global economic and
financial developments and muted inflation pressures,
the Committee will be patient as it determines what future adjustments to the target range for the federal funds
rate may be appropriate to support these outcomes.”
This sentence was intended to convey the Committee’s
view that a patient and flexible approach was appropriate
at this time as a way to manage risks while assessing incoming information bearing on the economic outlook.
In light of the range of uncertainties associated with
global economic and financial developments, the Committee decided that it was not useful at this time to express a judgment about the balance of risks.
At the conclusion of the discussion, the Committee
voted to authorize and direct the Federal Reserve Bank
of New York, until instructed otherwise, to execute
transactions in the SOMA in accordance with the following domestic policy directive, to be released at
2:00 p.m.:
“Effective January 31, 2019, the Federal Open
Market Committee directs the Desk to undertake open market operations as necessary to
maintain the federal funds rate in a target range
of 2¼ to 2½ percent, including overnight reverse repurchase operations (and reverse repurchase operations with maturities of more than
one day when necessary to accommodate weekend, holiday, or similar trading conventions) at
an offering rate of 2.25 percent, in amounts limited only by the value of Treasury securities held
outright in the System Open Market Account
that are available for such operations and by a
per counterparty limit of $30 billion per day.
The Committee directs the Desk to continue
rolling over at auction the amount of principal
payments from the Federal Reserve’s holdings
of Treasury securities maturing during each calendar month that exceeds $30 billion, and to
continue reinvesting in agency mortgagebacked securities the amount of principal payments from the Federal Reserve’s holdings of
agency debt and agency mortgage-backed securities received during each calendar month that
exceeds $20 billion. Small deviations from
these amounts for operational reasons are acceptable.
The Committee also directs the Desk to engage
in dollar roll and coupon swap transactions as
necessary to facilitate settlement of the Federal
Reserve’s agency mortgage-backed securities
transactions.”
The vote also encompassed approval of the statement
below to be released at 2:00 p.m.:
“Information received since the Federal Open
Market Committee met in December indicates
that the labor market has continued to
strengthen and that economic activity has been
rising at a solid rate. Job gains have been strong,
on average, in recent months, and the unemployment rate has remained low. Household
spending has continued to grow strongly, while
growth of business fixed investment has moderated from its rapid pace earlier last year. On a
12-month basis, both overall inflation and inflation for items other than food and energy remain near 2 percent. Although market-based
measures of inflation compensation have
moved lower in recent months, survey-based
measures of longer-term inflation expectations
are little changed.
Consistent with its statutory mandate, the Committee seeks to foster maximum employment
and price stability. In support of these goals,
the Committee decided to maintain the target
range for the federal funds rate at 2¼ to
2½ percent. The Committee continues to view
sustained expansion of economic activity,
strong labor market conditions, and inflation
near the Committee’s symmetric 2 percent objective as the most likely outcomes. In light of
global economic and financial developments
and muted inflation pressures, the Committee
will be patient as it determines what future adjustments to the target range for the federal
funds rate may be appropriate to support these
outcomes.
In determining the timing and size of future adjustments to the target range for the federal
funds rate, the Committee will assess realized
and expected economic conditions relative to its
maximum employment objective and its symmetric 2 percent inflation objective. This assessment will take into account a wide range of
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Minutes of the Meeting of January 29–30, 2019
Page 21
information, including measures of labor market conditions, indicators of inflation pressures
and inflation expectations, and readings on financial and international developments.”
Voting for this action: Jerome H. Powell, John C.
Williams, Michelle W. Bowman, Lael Brainard, James
Bullard, Richard H. Clarida, Charles L. Evans, Esther L.
George, Randal K. Quarles, and Eric Rosengren.
Voting against this action: None.
Consistent with the Committee’s decision to leave the
target range for the federal funds rate unchanged, the
Board of Governors voted unanimously to leave the
interest rates on required and excess reserve balances
unchanged at 2.40 percent and voted unanimously to
approve establishment of the primary credit rate at the
existing level of 3.00 percent, effective January 31, 2019.
It was agreed that the next meeting of the Committee
would be held on Tuesday–Wednesday, March 19–20,
2019. The meeting adjourned at 10:30 a.m. on January
30, 2019.
Notation Vote
By notation vote completed on January 8, 2019, the
Committee unanimously approved the minutes of the
Committee meeting held on December 18–19, 2018.
_______________________
James A. Clouse
Secretary
Cite this document
Federal Reserve (2019, January 29). FOMC Minutes. Fomc Minutes, Federal Reserve. https://whenthefedspeaks.com/doc/fomc_minutes_20190130
@misc{wtfs_fomc_minutes_20190130,
author = {Federal Reserve},
title = {FOMC Minutes},
year = {2019},
month = {Jan},
howpublished = {Fomc Minutes, Federal Reserve},
url = {https://whenthefedspeaks.com/doc/fomc_minutes_20190130},
note = {Retrieved via When the Fed Speaks corpus}
}